语法：
create table 表名(
字段名1 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
字段名2 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
字段名3 类型[(宽度) 约束条件]
);注意：
1. 在同一张表中，字段名是不能相同
2. 宽度和约束条件可选
3. 字段名和类型是必须的

MariaDB [(none)]> create database db1 charset utf8;MariaDB [(none)]> use db1;MariaDB [db1]> create table t1(  -> id int, -> name varchar(50),-> sex enum('male','female'),-> age int(3)-> );MariaDB [db1]> show tables; #查看db1库下所有表名

MariaDB [db1]> desc t1;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+MariaDB [db1]> select id,name,sex,age from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)MariaDB [db1]> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)MariaDB [db1]> select id,name from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [db1]> insert into t1 values-> (1,'egon',18,'male'),-> (2,'alex',81,'female')-> ;
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t1;
+------+------+------+--------+
| id   | name | age  | sex    |
+------+------+------+--------+
|    1 | egon |   18 | male   |
|    2 | alex |   81 | female |
+------+------+------+--------+MariaDB [db1]> insert into t1(id) values -> (3),-> (4);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t1;
+------+------+------+--------+
| id   | name | age  | sex    |
+------+------+------+--------+
|    1 | egon |   18 | male   |
|    2 | alex |   81 | female |
|    3 | NULL | NULL | NULL   |
|    4 | NULL | NULL | NULL   |
+------+------+------+--------+

#乱码问题:重要！！！mysql> create database db1 charset latin1;
mysql> use db1;
mysql> create table t1(name varchar(20));
mysql> show create table t1; #查看表，发现表默认与数据db1的字符编码一致
mysql> insert into t1 values('林'); #插入中文出错，因为latin1不支持中文
ERROR 1366 (HY000):
mysql> #解决方法一：删除库db1，重建db1，字符编码指定为utf8#解决方法二：修改
mysql> alter table t1 charset utf8; #修改表t1的编码
mysql> insert into t1 values('林'); #虽然t1的编码改了，但是t1的字段name仍然是按照latin1编码创建的
ERROR 1366 (HY000):
mysql> alter table t1 modify name varchar(20); #需要重新定义下字段name
mysql> insert into t1 values('林');
mysql> select * from t1;
+------+
| name |
+------+
| 林   |
+------+ps：不要忘记将数据库编码也改成utf8，这样以后在该数据库下创建表时，都默认utf8编码了#配置文件：http://blog.csdn.net/yipiankongbai/article/details/16937815

#1. 修改配置文件
[mysqld]
default-character-set=utf8
[client]
default-character-set=utf8
[mysql]
default-character-set=utf8#mysql5.5以上：修改方式有所改动
    [mysqld]character-set-server=utf8collation-server=utf8_general_ci[client]default-character-set=utf8[mysql]default-character-set=utf8#2. 重启服务
#3. 查看修改结果：
\s
show variables like '%char%'

MariaDB [db1]> describe t1; #查看表结构，可简写为desc 表名
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+MariaDB [db1]> show create table t1\G; #查看表详细结构，可加\G

#1. 数字：
    整型：tinyinit  int  bigint小数：float ：在位数比较短的情况下不精准double ：在位数比较长的情况下不精准0.000001230123123123存成：0.000001230000decimal：（如果用小数，则用推荐使用decimal）精准内部原理是以字符串形式去存#2. 字符串：char（10）：简单粗暴，浪费空间，存取速度快root存成root000000varchar：精准，节省空间，存取速度慢sql优化：创建表时，定长的类型往前放，变长的往后放比如性别           比如地址或描述信息>255个字符，超了就把文件路径存放到数据库中。比如图片，视频等找一个文件服务器，数据库中只存路径或url。#3. 时间类型：
    最常用：datetime#4. 枚举类型与集合类型

========================================tinyint[(m)] [unsigned] [zerofill]小整数，数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围：有符号：-128 ～ 127无符号：
～ 255PS： MySQL中无布尔值，使用tinyint(1)构造。========================================int[(m)][unsigned][zerofill]整数，数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围：有符号：-2147483648 ～ 2147483647无符号：
～ 4294967295========================================bigint[(m)][unsigned][zerofill]大整数，数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围：有符号：-9223372036854775808 ～ 9223372036854775807无符号：～  18446744073709551615

=========有符号和无符号tinyint==========
#tinyint默认为有符号
MariaDB [db1]> create table t1(x tinyint); #默认为有符号，即数字前有正负号
MariaDB [db1]> desc t1;
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t1 values-> (-129),-> (-128),-> (127),-> (128);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t1;
+------+
| x    |
+------+
| -128 | #-129存成了-128
| -128 | #有符号，最小值为-128
|  127 | #有符号，最大值127
|  127 | #128存成了127
+------+#设置无符号tinyint
MariaDB [db1]> create table t2(x tinyint unsigned);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t2 values-> (-1),-> (0),-> (255),-> (256);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t2;
+------+
| x    |
+------+
|    0 | -1存成了0
|    0 | #无符号，最小值为0
|  255 | #无符号，最大值为255
|  255 | #256存成了255
+------+============有符号和无符号int=============
#int默认为有符号
MariaDB [db1]> create table t3(x int); #默认为有符号整数
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t3 values-> (-2147483649),-> (-2147483648),-> (2147483647),-> (2147483648);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t3;
+-------------+
| x           |
+-------------+
| -2147483648 | #-2147483649存成了-2147483648
| -2147483648 | #有符号，最小值为-2147483648
|  2147483647 | #有符号，最大值为2147483647
|  2147483647 | #2147483648存成了2147483647
+-------------+#设置无符号int
MariaDB [db1]> create table t4(x int unsigned);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t4 values-> (-1),-> (0),-> (4294967295),-> (4294967296);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t4;
+------------+
| x          |
+------------+
|          0 | #-1存成了0
|          0 | #无符号，最小值为0
| 4294967295 | #无符号，最大值为4294967295
| 4294967295 | #4294967296存成了4294967295
+------------+==============有符号和无符号bigint=============
MariaDB [db1]> create table t6(x bigint);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t5 values  -> (-9223372036854775809),-> (-9223372036854775808),-> (9223372036854775807),-> (9223372036854775808);MariaDB [db1]> select * from t5;
+----------------------+
| x                    |
+----------------------+
| -9223372036854775808 |
| -9223372036854775808 |
|  9223372036854775807 |
|  9223372036854775807 |
+----------------------+MariaDB [db1]> create table t6(x bigint unsigned);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t6 values  -> (-1),-> (0),-> (18446744073709551615),-> (18446744073709551616);MariaDB [db1]> select * from t6;
+----------------------+
| x                    |
+----------------------+
|                    0 |
|                    0 |
| 18446744073709551615 |
| 18446744073709551615 |
+----------------------+======用zerofill测试整数类型的显示宽度=============
MariaDB [db1]> create table t7(x int(3) zerofill);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t7 values-> (1),-> (11),-> (111),-> (1111);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t7;
+------+
| x    |
+------+
|  001 |
|  011 |
|  111 |
| 1111 | #超过宽度限制仍然可以存
+------+

验证

======================================decimal[(m[,d])] [unsigned] [zerofill]准确的小数值，m是数字总个数（负号不算），d是小数点后个数。 m最大值为65，d最大值为30。特别的：对于精确数值计算时需要用此类型decaimal能够存储精确值的原因在于其内部按照字符串存储。======================================FLOAT[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]单精度浮点数（非准确小数值），m是数字总个数，d是小数点后个数。有符号：-3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38,1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38无符号：1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38**** 数值越大，越不准确 ****======================================DOUBLE[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]双精度浮点数（非准确小数值），m是数字总个数，d是小数点后个数。有符号：-1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-3082.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308无符号：2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308**** 数值越大，越不准确 ****

MariaDB [db1]> create table t8(salary float(5,2)); #总共5位，小数部分占2位，因而整数部分最多3位
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t8 values-> (3.3),-> (7.33),-> (9.335),-> (1000.1);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t8;
+--------+
| salary |
+--------+
|   3.30 |
|   7.33 |
|   9.34 | #4舍5入
| 999.99 | #小数最多2位，整数最多3位
+--------+

MariaDB [db1]> create table t9(id bit);
MariaDB [db1]> desc t9; #bit默认宽度为1
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type   | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | bit(1) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+MariaDB [db1]> insert into t9 values(8);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t9; #直接查看是无法显示二进制位的
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|     |
+------+
MariaDB [db1]> select bin(id),hex(id) from t9; #需要转换才能看到
+---------+---------+
| bin(id) | hex(id) |
+---------+---------+
| 1       | 1       |
+---------+---------+MariaDB [db1]> alter table t9 modify id bit(5);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t9 values(8);
MariaDB [db1]> select bin(id),hex(id) from t9;
+---------+---------+
| bin(id) | hex(id) |
+---------+---------+
| 1       | 1       |
| 1000    | 8       |
+---------+---------+

YEARYYYY（1901/2155）DATEYYYY-MM-DD（1000-01-01/9999-12-31）TIMEHH:MM:SS（'-838:59:59'/'838:59:59'）DATETIMEYYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS（1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59    Y）TIMESTAMPYYYYMMDD HHMMSS（1970-01-01 00:00:00/2037 年某时）

#验证============year===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t10(born_year year); #无论year指定何种宽度，最后都默认是year(4)
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t10 values  -> (1900),-> (1901),-> (2155),-> (2156);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t10;
+-----------+
| born_year |
+-----------+
|      0000 |
|      1901 |
|      2155 |
|      0000 |
+-----------+============date,time,datetime===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t11(d date,t time,dt datetime);
MariaDB [db1]> desc t11;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| d     | date     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| t     | time     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| dt    | datetime | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+MariaDB [db1]> insert into t11 values(now(),now(),now());
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t11;
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| d          | t        | dt                  |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2017-07-25 | 16:26:54 | 2017-07-25 16:26:54 |
+------------+----------+---------------------+============timestamp===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(time timestamp);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values();
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values(null);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12;
+---------------------+
| time                |
+---------------------+
| 2017-07-25 16:29:17 |
| 2017-07-25 16:30:01 |
+---------------------+============注意啦，注意啦，注意啦===========
1. 单独插入时间时，需要以字符串的形式，按照对应的格式插入
2. 插入年份时，尽量使用4位值
3. 插入两位年份时，<=69，以20开头，比如50,  结果2050      >=70，以19开头，比如71，结果1971
MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(y year);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values  -> (50),-> (71);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12;
+------+
| y    |
+------+
| 2050 |
| 1971 |
+------+============综合练习===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table student(-> id int,-> name varchar(20),-> born_year year,-> birth date,-> class_time time,-> reg_time datetime);MariaDB [db1]> insert into student values-> (1,'alex',"1995","1995-11-11","11:11:11","2017-11-11 11:11:11"),-> (2,'egon',"1997","1997-12-12","12:12:12","2017-12-12 12:12:12"),-> (3,'wsb',"1998","1998-01-01","13:13:13","2017-01-01 13:13:13");MariaDB [db1]> select * from student;
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
| id   | name | born_year | birth      | class_time | reg_time            |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
|    1 | alex |      1995 | 1995-11-11 | 11:11:11   | 2017-11-11 11:11:11 |
|    2 | egon |      1997 | 1997-12-12 | 12:12:12   | 2017-12-12 12:12:12 |
|    3 | wsb  |      1998 | 1998-01-01 | 13:13:13   | 2017-01-01 13:13:13 |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+

在实际应用的很多场景中，MySQL的这两种日期类型都能够满足我们的需要，存储精度都为秒，但在某些情况下，会展现出他们各自的优劣。下面就来总结一下两种日期类型的区别。1.DATETIME的日期范围是1001——9999年，TIMESTAMP的时间范围是1970——2038年。2.DATETIME存储时间与时区无关，TIMESTAMP存储时间与时区有关，显示的值也依赖于时区。在mysql服务器，操作系统以及客户端连接都有时区的设置。3.DATETIME使用8字节的存储空间，TIMESTAMP的存储空间为4字节。因此，TIMESTAMP比DATETIME的空间利用率更高。4.DATETIME的默认值为null；TIMESTAMP的字段默认不为空（not null）,默认值为当前时间（CURRENT_TIMESTAMP），如果不做特殊处理，并且update语句中没有指定该列的更新值，则默认更新为当前时间。

#官网：https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/char.html
#注意：char和varchar括号内的参数指的都是字符的长度#char类型：定长，简单粗暴，浪费空间，存取速度快字符长度范围：0-255（一个中文是一个字符，是utf8编码的3个字节）存储：存储char类型的值时，会往右填充空格来满足长度例如：指定长度为10，存>10个字符则报错，存<10个字符则用空格填充直到凑够10个字符存储检索：在检索或者说查询时，查出的结果会自动删除尾部的空格，除非我们打开pad_char_to_full_length SQL模式（SET sql_mode = 'PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH';）#varchar类型：变长，精准，节省空间，存取速度慢字符长度范围：0-65535（如果大于21845会提示用其他类型 。mysql行最大限制为65535字节，字符编码为utf-8：https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/column-count-limit.html）存储：varchar类型存储数据的真实内容，不会用空格填充，如果'ab  ',尾部的空格也会被存起来强调：varchar类型会在真实数据前加1-2Bytes的前缀，该前缀用来表示真实数据的bytes字节数（1-2Bytes最大表示65535个数字，正好符合mysql对row的最大字节限制，即已经足够使用）如果真实的数据<255bytes则需要1Bytes的前缀（1Bytes=8bit 2**8最大表示的数字为255）如果真实的数据>255bytes则需要2Bytes的前缀（2Bytes=16bit 2**16最大表示的数字为65535）检索：尾部有空格会保存下来，在检索或者说查询时，也会正常显示包含空格在内的内容

#官网：https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/char.html
CHAR 和 VARCHAR 是最常使用的两种字符串类型。
一般来说
CHAR(N)用来保存固定长度的字符串，对于 CHAR 类型,N 的范围 为 0 ~ 255
VARCHAR(N)用来保存变长字符类型，对于 VARCHAR 类型,N 的范围为 0 ~ 65 535
CHAR(N)和 VARCHAR(N) 中的 N 都代表字符长度,而非字节长度。
ps：对于 MySQL 4.1 之前的版本,如 MySQL 3.23 和 MySQL 4.0,CHAR(N)和 VARCHAR (N)中的 N 代表字节长度。#CHAR类型
对于 CHAR 类型的字符串,MySQL 数据库会自动对存储列的右边进行填充(Right Padded)操作,直到字符串达到指定的长度 N。而在读取该列时,MySQL 数据库会自动将 填充的字符删除。有一种情况例外,那就是显式地将 SQL_MODE 设置为 PAD_CHAR_TO_ FULL_LENGTH,例如:
mysql> CREATE TABLE t ( a CHAR(10));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO t SELECT 'abc';Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT a,HEX(a),LENGTH(a) FROM t\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************a: abcHEX(a): 616263LENGTH (a): 3
row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SET SQL_MODE='PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT a,HEX(a),LENGTH(a) FROM t\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************a: abcHEX(a): 61626320202020202020LENGTH (a): 10
row in set (0.00 sec)在上述这个例子中,先创建了一张表 t,a 列的类型为 CHAR(10)。然后通过 INSERT语句插入值“abc”,因为 a 列的类型为 CHAR 型,所以会自动在后面填充空字符串,使其长 度为 10。接下来在通过 SELECT 语句取出数据时会将 a 列右填充的空字符移除,从而得到 值“abc”。通过 LENGTH 函数看到 a 列的字符长度为 3 而非 10。
接着我们将 SQL_MODE 显式地设置为 PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH。这时再通过 SELECT 语句进行查询时,得到的结果是“abc ”,abc 右边有 7 个填充字符 0x20,并通 过 HEX 函数得到了验证。这次 LENGTH 函数返回的长度为 10。需要注意的是,LENGTH 函数返回的是字节长度,而不是字符长度。对于多字节字符集,CHAR(N)长度的列最多 可占用的字节数为该字符集单字符最大占用字节数 *N。例如,对于 utf8 下,CHAR(10)最 多可能占用 30 个字节。通过对多字节字符串使用 CHAR_LENGTH 函数和 LENGTH 函数, 可以发现两者的不同,示例如下:
mysql> SET NAMES gbk;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> SELECT @a:='MySQL 技术内幕 '; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> SELECT @a,HEX(@a),LENGTH(@a),CHAR_LENGTH(@a)\G; ***************************** 1. row **************************** a: MySQL 技术内幕
HEX(a): 4D7953514CBCBCCAF5C4DAC4BB
LENGTH (a): 13
CHAR_LENGTH(a): 9
row in set (0.00 sec)变 量 @ a 是 g b k 字 符 集 的 字 符 串 类 型 , 值 为 “ M y S Q L 技 术 内 幕 ”, 十 六 进 制 为 0x4D7953514CBCBCCAF5C4DAC4BB,LENGTH 函数返回 13,即该字符串占用 13 字节, 因为 gbk 字符集中的中文字符占用两个字节,因此一共占用 13 字节。CHAR_LENGTH 函数 返回 9,很显然该字符长度为 9。#VARCHAR类型
VARCHAR 类型存储变长字段的字符类型,与 CHAR 类型不同的是,其存储时需要在 前缀长度列表加上实际存储的字符,该字符占用 1 ~ 2 字节的空间。当存储的字符串长度小 于 255 字节时,其需要 1 字节的空间,当大于 255 字节时,需要 2 字节的空间。所以,对 于单字节的 latin1 来说,CHAR(10)和 VARCHAR(10)最大占用的存储空间是不同的, CHAR(10)占用 10 个字节这是毫无疑问的,而 VARCHAR(10)的最大占用空间数是 11 字节,因为其需要 1 字节来存放字符长度。
-------------------------------------------------
注意 对于有些多字节的字符集类型,其 CHAR 和 VARCHAR 在存储方法上是一样的,同样 需要为长度列表加上字符串的值。对于 GBK 和 UTF-8 这些字符类型,其有些字符是以 1 字节 存放的,有些字符是按 2 或 3 字节存放的,因此同样需要 1 ~ 2 字节的空间来存储字符的长 度。
-------------------------------------------------
虽然 CHAR 和 VARCHAR 的存储方式不太相同,但是对于两个字符串的比较,都只比 较其值,忽略 CHAR 值存在的右填充,即使将 SQL _MODE 设置为 PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_ LENGTH 也一样,例如:
mysql> CREATE TABLE t ( a CHAR(10), b VARCHAR(10));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO t SELECT 'a','a';Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT a=b FROM t\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************a=b: 1
row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SET SQL_MODE='PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT a=b FROM t\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************a=b: 1
row in set (0.00 sec)

测试前了解两个函数
length：查看字节数
char_length:查看字符数

mysql> create table t1(x char(5),y varchar(5));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.26 sec)#char存5个字符，而varchar存4个字符
mysql> insert into t1 values('你瞅啥 ','你瞅啥 ');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)mysql> SET sql_mode='';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)#在检索时char很不要脸地将自己浪费的2个字符给删掉了，装的好像自己没浪费过空间一样，而varchar很老实，存了多少，就显示多少
mysql> select x,char_length(x),y,char_length(y) from t1;
+-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| x         | char_length(x) | y          | char_length(y) |
+-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| 你瞅啥    |              3 | 你瞅啥     |              4 |
+-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)#略施小计，让char现出原形
mysql> SET sql_mode = 'PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)#这下子char原形毕露了......
mysql> select x,char_length(x),y,char_length(y) from t1;
+-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| x           | char_length(x) | y          | char_length(y) |
+-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| 你瞅啥      |              5 | 你瞅啥     |              4 |
+-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)#char类型：3个中文字符+2个空格=11Bytes
#varchar类型:3个中文字符+1个空格=10Bytes
mysql> select x,length(x),y,length(y) from t1;
+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| x           | length(x) | y          | length(y) |
+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| 你瞅啥      |        11 | 你瞅啥     |        10 |
+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

#了解concat

mysql> select concat('数据: ',x,'长度: ',char_length(x)),concat(y,char_length(y)
) from t1;
+------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| concat('数据: ',x,'长度: ',char_length(x))     | concat(y,char_length(y)) |
+------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| 数据: 你瞅啥  长度: 5                          | 你瞅啥 4                 |
+------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

Values in CHAR and VARCHAR columns are sorted and compared according to the character set collation assigned to the column.All MySQL collations are of type PAD SPACE. This means that all CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT values are compared without regard to any trailing spaces. “Comparison” in this context does not include the LIKE pattern-matching operator, for which trailing spaces are significant. For example:mysql> CREATE TABLE names (myname CHAR(10));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)mysql> INSERT INTO names VALUES ('Monty');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT myname = 'Monty', myname = 'Monty  ' FROM names;
+------------------+--------------------+
| myname = 'Monty' | myname = 'Monty  ' |
+------------------+--------------------+
|                1 |                  1 |
+------------------+--------------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT myname LIKE 'Monty', myname LIKE 'Monty  ' FROM names;
+---------------------+-----------------------+
| myname LIKE 'Monty' | myname LIKE 'Monty  ' |
+---------------------+-----------------------+
|                   1 |                     0 |
+---------------------+-----------------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

#常用字符串系列：char与varchar
注：虽然varchar使用起来较为灵活，但是从整个系统的性能角度来说，char数据类型的处理速度更快，有时甚至可以超出varchar处理速度的50%。因此，用户在设计数据库时应当综合考虑各方面的因素，以求达到最佳的平衡#其他字符串系列（效率：char>varchar>text）
TEXT系列 TINYTEXT TEXT MEDIUMTEXT LONGTEXT
BLOB 系列    TINYBLOB BLOB MEDIUMBLOB LONGBLOB
BINARY系列 BINARY VARBINARYtext：text数据类型用于保存变长的大字符串，可以组多到65535 (2**16 − 1)个字符。
mediumtext：A TEXT column with a maximum length of 16,777,215 (2**24 − 1) characters.
longtext：A TEXT column with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 or 4GB (2**32 − 1) characters.

枚举类型（enum）An ENUM column can have a maximum of 65,535 distinct elements. (The practical limit is less than 3000.)示例：CREATE TABLE shirts (name VARCHAR(40),size ENUM('x-small', 'small', 'medium', 'large', 'x-large'));INSERT INTO shirts (name, size) VALUES ('dress shirt','large'), ('t-shirt','medium'),('polo shirt','small');集合类型（set）A SET column can have a maximum of 64 distinct members.示例：CREATE TABLE myset (col SET('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'));INSERT INTO myset (col) VALUES ('a,d'), ('d,a'), ('a,d,a'), ('a,d,d'), ('d,a,d');

#验证

MariaDB [db1]> create table consumer( -> name varchar(50),-> sex enum('male','female'),-> level enum('vip1','vip2','vip3','vip4','vip5'), #在指定范围内，多选一-> hobby set('play','music','read','study') #在指定范围内，多选多-> );MariaDB [db1]> insert into consumer values  -> ('egon','male','vip5','read,study'),-> ('alex','female','vip1','girl');MariaDB [db1]> select * from consumer;
+------+--------+-------+------------+
| name | sex    | level | hobby      |
+------+--------+-------+------------+
| egon | male   | vip5  | read,study |
| alex | female | vip1  |            |
+------+--------+-------+------------+

PRIMARY KEY (PK)    标识该字段为该表的主键，可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK)    标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL    标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK)    标识该字段的值是唯一的
AUTO_INCREMENT    标识该字段的值自动增长（整数类型，而且为主键）
DEFAULT    为该字段设置默认值UNSIGNED 无符号
ZEROFILL 使用0填充

1. 是否允许为空，默认NULL，可设置NOT NULL，字段不允许为空，必须赋值
2. 字段是否有默认值，缺省的默认值是NULL，如果插入记录时不给字段赋值，此字段使用默认值
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必须为正值（无符号） 不允许为空 默认是20
3. 是否是key
主键 primary key
外键 foreign key
索引 (index,unique...)

==================not null====================
mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空
mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空
mysql> desc t2;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value==================default====================
#设置id字段有默认值后，则无论id字段是null还是not null，都可以插入空，插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;==================综合练习====================
mysql> create table student(-> name varchar(20) not null,-> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,-> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',-> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music'-> );
mysql> desc student;
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| Field | Type                               | Null | Key | Default    | Extra |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| name  | varchar(20)                        | NO   |     | NULL       |       |
| age   | int(3) unsigned                    | NO   |     | 18         |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female')              | YES  |     | male       |       |
| hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES  |     | play,music |       |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
mysql> select * from student;
+------+-----+------+------------+
| name | age | sex  | hobby      |
+------+-----+------+------------+
| egon |  18 | male | play,music |
+------+-----+------+------------+

============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE===============
方法一：
create table department1(
id int,
name varchar(20) unique,
comment varchar(100)
);方法二：
create table department2(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint uk_name unique(name)
);mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'

mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

#联合唯一

create table service(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
host varchar(15) not null,
port int not null,
unique(host,port) #联合唯一
);mysql> insert into service values-> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),-> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),-> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)-> ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'

============单列做主键===============
#方法一：not null+unique
create table department1(
id int not null unique, #主键
name varchar(20) not null unique,
comment varchar(100)
);mysql> desc department1;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)#方法二：在某一个字段后用primary key
create table department2(
id int primary key, #主键
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100)
);mysql> desc department2;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)#方法三：在所有字段后单独定义primary key
create table department3(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name

mysql> desc department3;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

==================多列做主键================
create table service(
ip varchar(15),
port char(5),
service_name varchar(10) not null,
primary key(ip,port)
);mysql> desc service;
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into service values-> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),-> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')-> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'

#不指定id，则自动增长
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);mysql> desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values-> ('egon'),-> ('alex')-> ;mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
|  2 | alex | male |
+----+------+------+#也可以指定id
mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | sex    |
+----+------+--------+
|  1 | egon | male   |
|  2 | alex | male   |
|  4 | asb  | female |
|  7 | wsb  | female |
+----+------+--------+#对于自增的字段，在用delete删除后，再插入值，该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  8 | ysb  | male |
+----+------+------+#应该用truncate清空表，比起delete一条一条地删除记录，truncate是直接清空表，在删除大表时用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

View Code

#在创建完表后，修改自增字段的起始值
mysql> create table student(-> id int primary key auto_increment,-> name varchar(20),-> sex enum('male','female') default 'male'-> );mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3;mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  3 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8#也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值，注意初始值的设置为表选项，应该放到括号外
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
)auto_increment=3;#设置步长
sqlserver：自增步长基于表级别create table t1（id int。。。）engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8mysql自增的步长：show session variables like 'auto_inc%';#基于会话级别set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长#基于全局级别的set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长（所有会话都生效）#！！！注意了注意了注意了！！！
If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored.
翻译：如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值，则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略
比如：设置auto_increment_offset=3，auto_increment_increment=2mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #需要退出重新登录
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name            | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1     |
| auto_increment_offset    | 1     |
+--------------------------+-------+create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon1'),('egon2'),('egon3');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | sex  |
+----+-------+------+
|  3 | egon1 | male |
|  8 | egon2 | male |
| 13 | egon3 | male |
+----+-------+------+

步长increment与起始偏移量offset:auto_increment_increment,auto_increment_offset

 #表类型必须是innodb存储引擎，且被关联的字段，即references指定的另外一个表的字段，必须保证唯一
create table department(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null
)engine=innodb;#dpt_id外键，关联父表（department主键id），同步更新，同步删除
create table employee(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
dpt_id int,
constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id)
references department(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
)engine=innodb;#先往父表department中插入记录
insert into department values
(1,'欧德博爱技术有限事业部'),
(2,'艾利克斯人力资源部'),
(3,'销售部');#再往子表employee中插入记录
insert into employee values
(1,'egon',1),
(2,'alex1',2),
(3,'alex2',2),
(4,'alex3',2),
(5,'李坦克',3),
(6,'刘飞机',3),
(7,'张火箭',3),
(8,'林子弹',3),
(9,'加特林',3)
;#删父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着删
mysql> delete from department where id=3;
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-------+--------+
| id | name  | dpt_id |
+----+-------+--------+
|  1 | egon  |      1 |
|  2 | alex1 |      2 |
|  3 | alex2 |      2 |
|  4 | alex3 |      2 |
+----+-------+--------+#更新父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着改
mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2;
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-------+--------+
| id | name  | dpt_id |
+----+-------+--------+
|  1 | egon  |      1 |
|  3 | alex2 |  22222 |
|  4 | alex3 |  22222 |
|  5 | alex1 |  22222 |
+----+-------+--------+

表1 foreign key 表2
则表1的多条记录对应表2的一条记录，即多对一利用foreign key的原理我们可以制作两张表的多对多，一对一关系
多对多：表1的多条记录可以对应表2的一条记录表2的多条记录也可以对应表1的一条记录一对一：表1的一条记录唯一对应表2的一条记录，反之亦然分析时，我们先从按照上面的基本原理去套，然后再翻译成真实的意义，就很好理解了

辅助理解

=====================多对一=====================
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);insert into press(name) values
('北京工业地雷出版社'),
('人民音乐不好听出版社'),
('知识产权没有用出版社')
;insert into book(name,press_id) values
('九阳神功',1),
('九阴真经',2),
('九阴白骨爪',2),
('独孤九剑',3),
('降龙十巴掌',2),
('葵花宝典',3)
;

View Code

=====================多对多=====================
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);#这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系，即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
);#插入四个作者，id依次排开
insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq');#每个作者与自己的代表作如下
egon:
九阳神功
九阴真经
九阴白骨爪
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
alex:
九阳神功
葵花宝典
yuanhao:
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
wpq:
九阳神功insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;

View Code

#一对一
两张表：学生表和客户表一对一：一个学生是一个客户，一个客户有可能变成一个学校，即一对一的关系关联方式：foreign key+unique

#用户表
create table user(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
username varchar(20) not null,
password varchar(50) not null,
primary key(username,password)
);insert into user(username,password) values
('root','123'),
('egon','456'),
('alex','alex3714')
;#用户组表
create table usergroup(
id int primary key auto_increment,
groupname varchar(20) not null unique
);insert into usergroup(groupname) values
('IT'),
('Sale'),
('Finance'),
('boss')
;#主机表
create table host(
id int primary key auto_increment,
ip char(15) not null unique default '127.0.0.1'
);insert into host(ip) values
('172.16.45.2'),
('172.16.31.10'),
('172.16.45.3'),
('172.16.31.11'),
('172.10.45.3'),
('172.10.45.4'),
('172.10.45.5'),
('192.168.1.20'),
('192.168.1.21'),
('192.168.1.22'),
('192.168.2.23'),
('192.168.2.223'),
('192.168.2.24'),
('192.168.3.22'),
('192.168.3.23'),
('192.168.3.24')
;#业务线表
create table business(
id int primary key auto_increment,
business varchar(20) not null unique
);
insert into business(business) values
('轻松贷'),
('随便花'),
('大富翁'),
('穷一生')
;#建关系：user与usergroup

create table user2usergroup(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
user_id int not null,
group_id int not null,
primary key(user_id,group_id),
foreign key(user_id) references user(id),
foreign key(group_id) references usergroup(id)
);insert into user2usergroup(user_id,group_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(2,3),
(2,4),
(3,4)
;#建关系：host与business

create table host2business(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
host_id int not null,
business_id int not null,
primary key(host_id,business_id),
foreign key(host_id) references host(id),
foreign key(business_id) references business(id)
);insert into host2business(host_id,business_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(2,2),
(2,3),
(3,4)
;#建关系：user与host

create table user2host(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
user_id int not null,
host_id int not null,
primary key(user_id,host_id),
foreign key(user_id) references user(id),
foreign key(host_id) references host(id)
);insert into user2host(user_id,host_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(1,7),
(1,8),
(1,9),
(1,10),
(1,11),
(1,12),
(1,13),
(1,14),
(1,15),
(1,16),
(2,2),
(2,3),
(2,4),
(2,5),
(3,10),
(3,11),
(3,12)
;

语法：
1. 修改表名ALTER TABLE 表名 RENAME 新表名;2. 增加字段ALTER TABLE 表名ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…],ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];ALTER TABLE 表名ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  FIRST;ALTER TABLE 表名ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  AFTER 字段名;3. 删除字段ALTER TABLE 表名 DROP 字段名;4. 修改字段ALTER TABLE 表名 MODIFY  字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];ALTER TABLE 表名 CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 旧数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];ALTER TABLE 表名 CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];示例：
1. 修改存储引擎
mysql> alter table service -> engine=innodb;2. 添加字段
mysql> alter table student10-> add name varchar(20) not null,-> add age int(3) not null default 22;mysql> alter table student10-> add stu_num varchar(10) not null after name;                //添加name字段之后mysql> alter table student10                        -> add sex enum('male','female') default 'male' first;          //添加到最前面3. 删除字段
mysql> alter table student10-> drop sex;mysql> alter table service-> drop mac;4. 修改字段类型modify
mysql> alter table student10-> modify age int(3);
mysql> alter table student10-> modify id int(11) not null primary key auto_increment;    //修改为主键5. 增加约束（针对已有的主键增加auto_increment）
mysql> alter table student10 modify id int(11) not null primary key auto_increment;
ERROR 1068 (42000): Multiple primary key definedmysql> alter table student10 modify id int(11) not null auto_increment;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 06. 对已经存在的表增加复合主键
mysql> alter table service2-> add primary key(host_ip,port);        7. 增加主键
mysql> alter table student1-> modify name varchar(10) not null primary key;8. 增加主键和自动增长
mysql> alter table student1-> modify id int not null primary key auto_increment;9. 删除主键
a. 删除自增约束
mysql> alter table student10 modify id int(11) not null; b. 删除主键
mysql> alter table student10                                 -> drop primary key;

复制表结构＋记录 （key不会复制: 主键、外键和索引）
mysql> create table new_service select * from service;只复制表结构
mysql> select * from service where 1=2;        //条件为假，查不到任何记录
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create table new1_service select * from service where 1=2;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> create table t4 like employees;

DROP TABLE 表名;