Django-Rest-Framework

一、什么是restful？

REST与技术无关，代表的是一种软件架构风格，REST是Representational State Transfer的简称，中文翻译为“表征状态转移”、
REST从资源的角度类审视整个网络，它将分布在网络中某个节点的资源通过URL进行标识，客户端应用通过URL来获取资源的表征，获得这些表征致使这些应用转变状态
所有的数据，不过是通过网络获取的还是操作（增删改查）的数据，都是资源，将一切数据视为资源是REST区别与其他架构风格的最本质属性
对于REST这种面向资源的架构风格，有人提出一种全新的结构理念，即：面向资源架构（ROA：Resource Oriented Architecture）

二、restful API设计（规范）

一、API与用户的通信协议，总是使用HTTPS协议
二、域名https:api.zhangjianping.com     尽量将API部署在专用的域名（不存在跨域问题）https:zhangjianping.org/api      简单的API
三、版本URL:   https:api.zhangjianping.com/v1请求头           跨域时，引发发送多次请求
四、路径，网络上的东西都是资源，均使用名词去表示
五、methodGET：从服务器取出资源（一项或者是多项）POST：在服务器新建一个资源PUT：在服务器更新资源（客户端提供改变后的完整资源）PATCH：在服务器更新资源（客户端提供改变的属性）DELETE：从服务器删除资源
六、过滤通过在url上传参的形式传递搜索条件
七、状态码
八、错误处理
九、返回结果十、Hypermedia API，RESTful API最好做到Hypermedia，即返回结果中提供链接，连向其他API方法，使得用户不查文档，也知道下一步应该做什么。

200 OK - [GET]：服务器成功返回用户请求的数据，该操作是幂等的（Idempotent）。
201 CREATED - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用户新建或修改数据成功。
202 Accepted - [*]：表示一个请求已经进入后台排队（异步任务）
204 NO CONTENT - [DELETE]：用户删除数据成功。
400 INVALID REQUEST - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用户发出的请求有错误，服务器没有进行新建或修改数据的操作，该操作是幂等的。
401 Unauthorized - [*]：表示用户没有权限（令牌、用户名、密码错误）。
403 Forbidden - [*] 表示用户得到授权（与401错误相对），但是访问是被禁止的。
404 NOT FOUND - [*]：用户发出的请求针对的是不存在的记录，服务器没有进行操作，该操作是幂等的。
406 Not Acceptable - [GET]：用户请求的格式不可得（比如用户请求JSON格式，但是只有XML格式）。
410 Gone -[GET]：用户请求的资源被永久删除，且不会再得到的。
422 Unprocesable entity - [POST/PUT/PATCH] 当创建一个对象时，发生一个验证错误。
500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR - [*]：服务器发生错误，用户将无法判断发出的请求是否成功。更多看这里：http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html

状态码附录

三、基于Django实现

路由系统：

urlpatterns = [url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),url(r'^users/$',views.User.as_view()),
]

CBV视图：

from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.views import View
class User(View):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):result = {"status":True,"data":"response data"}return JsonResponse(result,status=200)def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):result = {"status":True,"data":"response data"}return JsonResponse(result,status=200)

四、基于Django-Rest-Framework框架实现

1、基本流程

路由系统：

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [url(r'^test/$',views.TestView.as_view())
]

CBV视图：

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Responseclass TestView(APIView):def dispath(self,request,*args,**kwargs):　　　　"""请求到来之后，都要执行dispatch方法，dispatch方法根据请求方式不同触发不同的函数来处理"""return super().dispatch(request,*args,**kwargs)def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):return Response("GET请求，响应内容")def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):return Response("POST请求，响应内容")def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):return Response("PUT请求，响应内容")

以上这段代码就是rest framework框架的基本流程，重要的功能都是在APIView中的dispatch中触发的

当你运行上段代码会报错：

你使用的是restframework，但是模板用的却是Django的，所以报错在所难免，解决的办法就是在配置文件中注册

2、认证和授权

路由系统

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [url(r'^test/$',views.TestView.as_view())
]

CBV视图：

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptionstoken_list = ["zhangjianping",           #可以授权的数据
]class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):def authenticate(self, request):'''用户认证，认证成功后返回元组:param request::return:'''val = request.query_params.get("token")    #get请求从网址栏获取到的数据if val not in token_list:                  #判断当前url是否可以授权访问raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败")return ("登录用户，","用户token")def authenticate_header(self, request):passclass TestView(APIView):'''调用这个函数的时候，会自动触发authentication_classes的运行，所以会先执行上边的类'''authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication,]permission_classes = []
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):print("====request.user====",request.user)         #当前登录的用户print("====request.auth====",request.auth)         #获取到的用户tokenreturn Response("GET请求，响应内容")def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):return Response("POST请求，响应内容")def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):return Response("PUT请求，响应内容")

3、用户登录

路由系统：

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [url(r'^auth/$',views.AuthView.as_view()),
]

model表操作：

from django.db import modelsclass UserInfo(models.Model):username = models.CharField(max_length=16)password = models.CharField(max_length=16)token = models.CharField(max_length=64,null=True)

CBV视图：

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions
import time,hashlib
from app01 import modelsclass AuthView(APIView):authentication_classes = []def get(self,request):ret = {"code":1000,"msg":None}user = request.query_params.get("user")pwd = request.query_params.get("pwd")obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=user,password=pwd).first()if not obj:    #如果没有获取到用户信息执行ret["code"] = 1001ret["msg"] = "用户名或密码错误"return Response(ret)ctime = time.time()   #得到一个时间戳key = "%s|%s"%(user,ctime)    #类似于加密盐m = hashlib.md5()m.update(key.encode("utf-8"))token = m.hexdigest()        #token经过MD5加密处理obj.token = token            #数据库的空字符串，颁发授权信息ret["token"] = token         #写入数据表return Response(ret)

4、限制访问频率

路由系统

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app01 import views
from app02 import views as app02_view
from app03 import views as app03_view
urlpatterns = [
rl(r'^salary/', app02_view.SalaryView.as_view()),url(r'^limit/', app03_view.LimitView.as_view()),
]

#配置文件REST_FRAMEWORK = {'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [# "app02.utils.MyAuthentication",
    ],'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES':[],'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES':{'wdp':'2/minute'           #每分钟两次
    }
}CACHES = {'default': {'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache','LOCATION': 'cache',        数据默认报错在缓存}
}

#生写，自己实现            -----CBV视图
from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle,SimpleRateThrottlefrom rest_framework import exceptionsRECORD = {}
class MyThrottle(BaseThrottle):def allow_request(self,request,view):"""# 返回False，限制# 返回True，通行:param request: :param view: :return: """"""a. 对匿名用户进行限制：每个用户1分钟允许访问10次- 获取用户IP request 1.1.1.1"""import timectime = time.time()          #获取当前时间ip = self.get_ident(request)        #获取IPif ip not in RECORD:         #IP没有在新建的那个字典RECORD[ip] = [ctime,]    #将当前的IP作为key，时间作为value列表else:# [4507862389234,3507862389234,2507862389234,1507862389234,]time_list = RECORD[ip]         #如果在的话获取IP时间列表while True:val = time_list[-1]        #取出最后一个值if (ctime-60) > val:       #如果当前的时间-60秒>取出的最后一个值time_list.pop()        #就将这个值取出来else:breakif len(time_list) > 10:    #一分钟访问次数超过10次，return Falsereturn Falsetime_list.insert(0,ctime)    #将当前时间插入到第一个位置return Truedef wait(self,request):""":return: 返回需要等待的时间"""import timectime = time.time()first_in_time = RECORD[self.get_ident(request)][-1]wt = 60 - (ctime - first_in_time)      #等待的时间return wtclass LimitView(APIView):authentication_classes = []permission_classes = []throttle_classes=[MyThrottle,]def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):# self.dispatchreturn Response('控制访问频率示例')def throttled(self, request, wait):"""If request is throttled, determine what kind of exception to raise."""class MyThrottled(exceptions.Throttled):default_detail = '请求被限制.'extra_detail_singular = 'Expected available in {wait} second.'extra_detail_plural = '还需要再等待{wait}'raise MyThrottled(wait)

CBV路由系统

class MySimpleRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):scope = "wdp"def get_cache_key(self, request, view):return self.get_ident(request)
class LimitView(APIView):authentication_classes = []permission_classes = []throttle_classes=[MySimpleRateThrottle,]def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):# self.dispatchreturn Response('控制访问频率示例')def throttled(self, request, wait):"""If request is throttled, determine what kind of exception to raise."""class MyThrottled(exceptions.Throttled):default_detail = '请求被限制.'extra_detail_singular = 'Expected available in {wait} second.'extra_detail_plural = '还需要再等待{wait}'raise MyThrottled(wait)

认证、权限+访问控制的实现

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app04 import views as app04_viewurlpatterns = [url(r'^index/', app04_view.IndexView.as_view()),url(r'^manage/', app04_view.ManageView.as_view()),
]

setting配置

REST_FRAMEWORK = {'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [    #认证控制# "app02.utils.MyAuthentication",
    ],'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES':[     #权限控制
],'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES':{'wdp_anon':'5/minute',       #匿名用户配置'wdp_user':'10/minute',      #正常用户配置
}
}CACHES = {                        #缓存配置'default': {'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache','LOCATION': 'cache',}
}

CBV视图

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle,SimpleRateThrottle
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from app02 import modelsclass MyAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):"""用户认证类，获取url传过来的数据"""def authenticate(self, request):token = request.query_params.get('token')obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(token=token).first()if obj:return (obj.username,obj)return Nonedef authenticate_header(self, request):passclass MyPermission(object):message = "无权访问"def has_permission(self,request,view):if request.user:return Truereturn Falseclass AdminPermission(object):message = "无权访问"def has_permission(self,request,view):if request.user == 'alex':return Truereturn Falseclass AnonThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):"""针对匿名用户的配置"""scope = "wdp_anon"      #配置文件中的值def get_cache_key(self, request, view):# 返回None，表示我不限制# 登录用户我不管if request.user:          #正常登陆的用户不做限制return None# 匿名用户                #匿名用户做限制return self.get_ident(request)class UserThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):"""针对已经登陆的用户所做的配置"""scope = "wdp_user"     #配置文件获取def get_cache_key(self, request, view):# 登录用户if request.user:return request.user# 匿名用户我不管return None# 无需登录就可以访问
class IndexView(APIView):authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication,]          #用户认证permission_classes = []                               #无需登陆就可以访问的页面不需要权限的控制throttle_classes=[AnonThrottle,UserThrottle,]         #限流def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):# self.dispatchreturn Response('无需登陆访问首页')

　　def throttled(self, request, wait):　　　　"""自定义返回的文本信息"""   　　class MyThrottled(exceptions.Throttled):      　　default_detail = '请求被限制.'      　　extra_detail_singular = 'Expected available in {wait} second.'      　　extra_detail_plural = '还需要再等待{wait}'   　　raise MyThrottled(wait)

# 需登录就可以访问
class ManageView(APIView):authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication,]permission_classes = [MyPermission,]                #需要登陆访问的页面做了权限的控制throttle_classes=[AnonThrottle,UserThrottle,]def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):# self.dispatchreturn Response('需要登陆访问首页')

5、版本限制

URL做版本限制

urlpatterns = [url(r'^api/(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/', include('api.urls')),]
urlpatterns = [url(r'^users/', views.UsersView.as_view(),name='u'),]

class UsersView(APIView):# 基于url传参# versioning_class = QueryParameterVersioning             get视图中直接采用request.version就可以取值# 基于URL http://127.0.0.1:8001/api/v2/users/# versioning_class = URLPathVersioning# 基于子域名 http://v1.luffy.com/users/# versioning_class = HostNameVersioning#上边的这些配置是基于局部配置，用的更多的是全局的配置，所以只介绍全局配置　　

def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):self.dispatchprint(request.version) # QueryParameterVersioning().detemiin_version()print(request.versioning_scheme) # QueryParameterVersioning()# 当前版本一样的URLurl = request.versioning_scheme.reverse(viewname='u',request=request)print(url)# 当前版本不一样的URLfrom django.urls import reverseurl = reverse(viewname='u',kwargs={'version':'v2'})print(url)return Response('...')

REST_FRAMEWORK = {'VERSION_PARAM':'version',          #固定的名字'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1',              #默认版本号'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'],       #可以使用的版本号'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning"     #版本由url控制}

hostname做版本控制

urlpatterns = [
     url(r'^api/', include('api.urls')),]
urlpatterns = [url(r'^users/', views.UsersView.as_view(),name='u'),]

class UsersView(APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):self.dispatchprint(request.version) # QueryParameterVersioning().detemiin_version()print(request.versioning_scheme) # QueryParameterVersioning()

REST_FRAMEWORK = {'VERSION_PARAM':'version','DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1','ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'],'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.HostNameVersioning"     #根据域名做版本控制}
根据hostname做版本限制需要配置域名，这里我们直接修改电脑的host文件做测试（Windows系统的 C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc；mac本或者Linux的在# vim /etc/hosts）
直接做以下配置：127.0.0.1    v1.qqq.com127.0.0.1    v2.qqq.com

6、解析器

请求的数据进行解析：请求体进行解析。表示服务端可以解析的数据格式的种类。Content-Type: application/url-encoding.....request.bodyrequest.POSTContent-Type: application/json.....request.bodyrequest.POST
假如客户端发送的数据是：Content-Type: application/json'{"name":"alex","age":123}'
那么服务端接受的是：读取客户端发送的Content-Type的值 application/jsonparser_classes = [JSONParser,]media_type_list = ['application/json',]如果客户端的Content-Type的值和 application/json 匹配：JSONParser处理数据如果客户端的Content-Type的值和 application/x-www-form-urlencoded 匹配：FormParser处理数据

单视图：
class UsersView(APIView):parser_classes = [JSONParser,]全局配置：
REST_FRAMEWORK = {'VERSION_PARAM':'version','DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1','ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'],# 'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.HostNameVersioning"'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning",'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':['rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',            #解析jsonparser'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',            #解析formparser]}

7、序列化操作

#需要导入的包和模块
from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BasicAuthentication
from rest_framework.versioning import QueryParameterVersioning,URLPathVersioning,HostNameVersioning
from rest_framework.renderers import BrowsableAPIRenderer,JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser,FormParser
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import serializers
from . import models                    #数据表

数据库表

from django.db import models# Create your models here.class Menu(models.Model):name = models.CharField(max_length=32)class Group(models.Model):title = models.CharField(max_length=32)mu = models.ForeignKey(to="Menu",default=1)class UserInfo(models.Model):name = models.CharField(max_length=32)pwd = models.CharField(max_length=32)group = models.ForeignKey(to='Group')roles = models.ManyToManyField(to='Role')class Role(models.Model):name = models.CharField(max_length=32)

a、基本操作

class UsersSerializer(serializers.Serializer):name = serializers.CharField()pwd = serializers.CharField()class UsersView(APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):self.dispatch# 方式一：# user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('name','pwd','group__id',"group__title")# return Response(user_list)# 方式二之多对象# user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()# ser = UsersSerializer(instance=user_list,many=True)# return Response(ser.data)# 方式二之单对象user = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()ser = UsersSerializer(instance=user, many=False)return Response(ser.data)

b、跨表操作

class UsersSerializer(serializers.Serializer):name = serializers.CharField()pwd = serializers.CharField()group_id = serializers.CharField()xxxx = serializers.CharField(source="group.title")x1 = serializers.CharField(source="group.mu.name")class UsersView(APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):self.dispatch# 方式一：# user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('name','pwd','group__id',"group__title")# return Response(user_list)# 方式二之多对象user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()ser = UsersSerializer(instance=user_list,many=True)return Response(ser.data)

c、复杂的序列化

操作一

class MyCharField(serializers.CharField):def to_representation(self, value):data_list = []for row in value:data_list.append(row.name)return data_listclass UsersSerializer(serializers.Serializer):name = serializers.CharField() # obj.namepwd = serializers.CharField()  # obj.pwdgroup_id = serializers.CharField() # obj.group_idxxxx = serializers.CharField(source="group.title") # obj.group.titlex1 = serializers.CharField(source="group.mu.name") # obj.mu.name# x2 = serializers.CharField(source="roles.all") # obj.mu.namex2 = MyCharField(source="roles.all") # obj.mu.name

操作二

class MyCharField(serializers.CharField):def to_representation(self, value):return {'id':value.pk, 'name':value.name}class UsersSerializer(serializers.Serializer):name = serializers.CharField() # obj.namepwd = serializers.CharField()  # obj.pwdgroup_id = serializers.CharField() # obj.group_idxxxx = serializers.CharField(source="group.title") # obj.group.titlex1 = serializers.CharField(source="group.mu.name") # obj.mu.name# x2 = serializers.CharField(source="roles.all") # obj.mu.namex2 = serializers.ListField(child=MyCharField(),source="roles.all") # obj.mu.name

操作三

class UsersSerializer(serializers.Serializer):name = serializers.CharField() # obj.namepwd = serializers.CharField()  # obj.pwdgroup_id = serializers.CharField() # obj.group_idxxxx = serializers.CharField(source="group.title") # obj.group.titlex1 = serializers.CharField(source="group.mu.name") # obj.mu.name# x2 = serializers.CharField(source="roles.all") # obj.mu.name# x2 = serializers.ListField(child=MyCharField(),source="roles.all") # obj.mu.namex2 = serializers.SerializerMethodField()def get_x2(self,obj):obj.roles.all()role_list = obj.roles.filter(id__gt=1)data_list = []for row in role_list:data_list.append({'pk':row.pk,'name':row.name})return data_list

以上三种方式都是使用相同的视图

class UsersView(APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):self.dispatch# 方式一：# user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('name','pwd','group__id',"group__title")# return Response(user_list)# 方式二之多对象user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()# [obj1,obj2,obj3]ser = UsersSerializer(instance=user_list,many=True)return Response(ser.data)

d、基于model

class UsersSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):class Meta:model = models.UserInfofields = "__all__"# fields = ['name', 'pwd','group']depth = 1class UsersView(APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):self.dispatch# 方式一：# user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('name','pwd','group__id',"group__title")# return Response(user_list)# 方式二之多对象user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()# [obj1,obj2,obj3]ser = UsersSerializer(instance=user_list,many=True)return Response(ser.data)

e、生成url

class UsersSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):group = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='detail')class Meta:model = models.UserInfofields = "__all__"fields = ['name', 'pwd','group']depth = 1class UsersView(APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):self.dispatch# 方式一：# user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('name','pwd','group__id',"group__title")# return Response(user_list)# 方式二之多对象user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()# [obj1,obj2,obj3]ser = UsersSerializer(instance=user_list,many=True,context={'request':request})return Response(ser.data)

f、全局生成url

class UsersSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):class Meta:model = models.UserInfofields = "__all__"# fields = ['id','name','pwd']class UsersView(APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):self.dispatch# 方式一：# user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('name','pwd','group__id',"group__title")# return Response(user_list)# 方式二之多对象user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()# [obj1,obj2,obj3]ser = UsersSerializer(instance=user_list,many=True,context={'request':request})return Response(ser.data)

请求数据验证

方式一

class PasswordValidator(object):def __init__(self, base):self.base = basedef __call__(self, value):if value != self.base:message = '用户输入的值必须是 %s.' % self.baseraise serializers.ValidationError(message)def set_context(self, serializer_field):"""This hook is called by the serializer instance,prior to the validation call being made."""# 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象passclass UsersSerializer(serializers.Serializer):name = serializers.CharField(min_length=6)pwd = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required': '密码不能为空'}, validators=[PasswordValidator('666')])

方式二

class PasswordValidator(object):def __init__(self, base):self.base = basedef __call__(self, value):if value != self.base:message = '用户输入的值必须是 %s.' % self.baseraise serializers.ValidationError(message)def set_context(self, serializer_field):"""This hook is called by the serializer instance,prior to the validation call being made."""# 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象passclass UsersSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):class Meta:model = models.UserInfofields = "__all__"extra_kwargs = {'name': {'min_length': 6},'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666), ]}}

使用：

class UsersView(APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):self.dispatch# 方式一：# user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('name','pwd','group__id',"group__title")# return Response(user_list)# 方式二之多对象user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()# [obj1,obj2,obj3]ser = UsersSerializer(instance=user_list,many=True,context={'request':request})return Response(ser.data)def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):ser = UsersSerializer(data=request.data)if ser.is_valid():print(ser.validated_data)else:print(ser.errors)return Response('...')

8、分页

a、基于limitoffsetpagination做分页

class P1(LimitOffsetPagination):max_limit = 3default_limit = 2limit_query_param = 'limit'offset_query_param = 'offset'

b、基于PageNumberPagination做分页

class P2(PageNumberPagination):# 每页显示的数据条数max_page_size = 5page_size = 2page_size_query_param = 'size'# 页码page_query_param = 'page'

c、基于CursorPagination做分页

class P3(CursorPagination):cursor_query_param = 'cursor'page_size = 2ordering = 'id'

需要用到的模块

from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework import views
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.pagination import LimitOffsetPagination,PageNumberPagination,CursorPagination
from api import models
from api.serializers.index import IndexSerializer

基于视图实现

class IndexView(views.APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()            #查询到所有的数据p1 = P1()                                            #实例化显示的那个对象page_user_list = p1.paginate_queryset(queryset=user_list, request=request, view=self)     #经过处理后的数据列表ser = IndexSerializer(instance=page_user_list, many=True)       return Response(ser.data) # 不含上一页和下一页                 # return p1.get_paginated_response(ser.data) # 含上一页和下一页

基于视图使用对象的方式实现

class BaseResponse(object):def __init__(self,code=1000,data=None,error=None):self.code = codeself.data = dataself.error = error
class IndexView(views.APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):ret = BaseResponse()              #基于对象的形式展示try:user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()p1 = P1()page_user_list = p1.paginate_queryset(queryset=user_list,request=request,view=self)ser = IndexSerializer(instance=page_user_list,many=True)ret.data = ser.data         #给对象赋值ret.next = p1.get_next_link()      #上一页下一页链接except Exception as e:ret.code= 1001ret.error = 'xxxx错误'return Response(ret.__dict__)           #以字典的形式返回

9、视图

1. APIView

class IndexView(views.APIView):def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()ser = IndexSerializer(instance=user_list,many=True)return Response(ser.data)

2.GenericAPIView

class IndexView(generics.GenericAPIView):queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()serializer_class = IndexSerializerpagination_class = P2def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):user_list = self.get_queryset()p1 = self.paginatordata = p1.paginate_queryset(queryset=user_list,request=request,view=self)ser = self.get_serializer(instance=data,many=True)return p1.get_paginated_response(ser.data)

3. GenericViewSet(ViewSetMixin, generics.GenericAPIView)

路由修改
urlpatterns = [url(r'^index/$', views.IndexView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),]from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
class IndexView(GenericViewSet):queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()serializer_class = IndexSerializerpagination_class = P2def list(self,request,*args,**kwargs):print("这里是list请求")return Response("...")def retrieve(self,request,*args,**kwargs):print("这里是post请求")return Response("...")def create(self,request,*args,**kwargs):print("这里是put请求")return Response("...")自定义：增POST/users/删DELETE/users/1/改PUT/users/1/patch/users/1/查GET/users/ GET/users/1/urlpatterns = [url(r'^index/$', views.IndexView.as_view()),url(r'^index/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.IndexView.as_view({'get':'retrieve'})),
]class IndexView(views.APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):pk = kwargs.get('pk')if pk:pass # 获取单条信息else:pass # 获取列表信息def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):passdef put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):passdef patch(self,request,*args,**kwargs):passdef delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs):pass

4.ModelViewSet

ModelViewSet(mixins.CreateModelMixin,mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,mixins.UpdateModelMixin,mixins.DestroyModelMixin,mixins.ListModelMixin,GenericViewSet)
视图：
urlpatterns = [url(r'^user/$',views.IndexView.as_view({"get":"list","post":"create"})),url(r'^user/(?P<pk>\d+)/$',views.IndexView.as_view({"get":"retrieve","delete":"destroy","put":"update","patch":"partial_update"}))
]
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSetclass IndexView(ModelViewSet):queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()serializer_class = IndexSerializerpagination_class = P2

10、路由和渲染器

第一类：# http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/auth/url(r'^auth/$', views.AuthView.as_view()),# http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/auth.json # 想要让页面显示json格式url(r'^auth\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', views.AuthView.as_view()),# http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/auth/1/url(r'^auth/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.AuthView.as_view()),# http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/auth/1.jsonurl(r'^auth/(?P<pk>\d+)\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', views.AuthView.as_view()),class AuthView(views.APIView):def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):return Response('...')

第二类：url(r'^index/$', views.IndexView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),url(r'^index/\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', views.IndexView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),url(r'^index/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.IndexView.as_view({'get':'retrieve','delete':'destroy','put':'update','patch':'partial_update'})),url(r'^index/(?P<pk>\d+)\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', views.IndexView.as_view({'get':'retrieve','delete':'destroy','put':'update','patch':'partial_update'})),class IndexView(viewsets.ModelViewSet):queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()serializer_class = IndexSerializerpagination_class = P2

第三类： router = DefaultRouter()router.register('index',views.IndexViewSet)urlpatterns = [url(r'^', include(router.urls)),]class IndexViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()serializer_class = IndexSerializerpagination_class = P2class IndexSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):class Meta:model = models.UserInfofields = "__all__"

.渲染器
renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer,BrowsableAPIRenderer]     #好看的页面默认返回的是这两个，如果只想返回json则    JSONRenderer

未完待续。。。。

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/52-qq/p/8417462.html

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Django-Rest-Framework

一、什么是restful？

二、restful API设计（规范）

三、基于Django实现

四、基于Django-Rest-Framework框架实现

1、基本流程

2、认证和授权

3、用户登录

4、限制访问频率

认证、权限+访问控制的实现

setting配置

CBV视图

5、版本限制

URL做版本限制

hostname做版本控制

6、解析器

7、序列化操作

数据库表

a、基本操作

b、跨表操作

c、复杂的序列化

d、基于model

e、生成url

f、全局生成url

请求数据验证

8、分页

a、基于limitoffsetpagination做分页

b、基于PageNumberPagination做分页

c、基于CursorPagination做分页

9、视图

1. APIView

2.GenericAPIView

3. GenericViewSet(ViewSetMixin, generics.GenericAPIView)

4.ModelViewSet

10、路由和渲染器

未完待续。。。。

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