def func(num):if num == 1:return 1return num * func(num - 1)print(func(7))

#run函数 根据用户输入（commands/login），完成倒入commands模块并执行login方法；
def run():inp = input("请输入要访问的url")m, f = inp.split("/")if hasattr(m, f):func = getattr(m, f)func()else:print('404')

def view_bar(num,total):rate = num / totalrate_num= int(rate * 100)r = '\r[%-100s]%d%%' % ('=' * rate_num, rate_num, )sys.stdout.write(r)sys.stdout.flush()if __name__ == '__main__':for i in range(101):time.sleep(0.1)view_bar(i, 100)

import random
checkcode = ''
for i in range(4):current = random.randrange(0,4)if current != i:temp = chr(random.randint(65,90))else:temp = random.randint(0,9)checkcode += str(temp)
print checkcode

# 无分组r = re.match("h\w+", origin)print(r.group())     # 获取匹配到的所有结果print(r.groups())    # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果# 有分组# 为何要有分组？提取匹配成功的指定内容（先匹配成功全部正则，再匹配成功的局部内容提取出来）
r = re.match("h(\w+).*(?P<name>\d)$", origin)print(r.group())     # 获取匹配到的所有结果print(r.groups())    # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组中所有执行了key的组

# 无分组
r = re.search("a\w+", origin)print(r.group())     # 获取匹配到的所有结果print(r.groups())    # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果# 有分组
r = re.search("a(\w+).*(?P<name>\d)$", origin)print(r.group())     # 获取匹配到的所有结果print(r.groups())    # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组中所有执行了key的组

        # 与分组无关
origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19"r = re.sub("a\w+", "999", origin, 2)print(r)

        # 无分组origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19"r = re.split("alex", origin, 1)print(r)# 有分组
        origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19"r1 = re.split("(alex)", origin, 1)print(r1)r2 = re.split("(al(ex))", origin, 1)print(r2)

# 注释1
;  注释2[section1] # 节点
k1 = v1    # 值
k2:v2       # 值

[section2] # 节点
k1 = v1    # 值

class Element:"""An XML element.This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface.An element's length is its number of subelements.  That means if youwant to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTHits length AND its text attribute.The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be eitherbytes or strings.*tag* is the element name.  *attrib* is an optional dictionary containingelement attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given askeyword arguments.Example form:<tag attrib>text<child/>...</tag>tail"""当前节点的标签名tag = None"""The element's name."""当前节点的属性attrib = None"""Dictionary of the element's attributes."""当前节点的内容text = None"""Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None.Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be eitherNone or the empty string, depending on the parser."""tail = None"""Text after this element's end tag, but before the next sibling element'sstart tag.  This is either a string or the value None.  Note that if therewas no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string,depending on the parser."""def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):if not isinstance(attrib, dict):raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % (attrib.__class__.__name__,))attrib = attrib.copy()attrib.update(extra)self.tag = tagself.attrib = attribself._children = []def __repr__(self):return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self))def makeelement(self, tag, attrib):创建一个新节点"""Create a new element with the same type.*tag* is a string containing the element name.*attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes.Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead."""return self.__class__(tag, attrib)def copy(self):"""Return copy of current element.This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with theoriginal tree."""elem = self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib)elem.text = self.textelem.tail = self.tailelem[:] = selfreturn elemdef __len__(self):return len(self._children)def __bool__(self):warnings.warn("The behavior of this method will change in future versions.  ""Use specific 'len(elem)' or 'elem is not None' test instead.",FutureWarning, stacklevel=2)return len(self._children) != 0 # emulate old behaviour, for nowdef __getitem__(self, index):return self._children[index]def __setitem__(self, index, element):# if isinstance(index, slice):#     for elt in element:#         assert iselement(elt)# else:#     assert iselement(element)self._children[index] = elementdef __delitem__(self, index):del self._children[index]def append(self, subelement):为当前节点追加一个子节点"""Add *subelement* to the end of this element.The new element will appear in document order after the last existingsubelement (or directly after the text, if it's the first subelement),but before the end tag for this element."""self._assert_is_element(subelement)self._children.append(subelement)def extend(self, elements):为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点"""Append subelements from a sequence.*elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements."""for element in elements:self._assert_is_element(element)self._children.extend(elements)def insert(self, index, subelement):在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点，即：为当前节点创建子节点，然后插入指定位置"""Insert *subelement* at position *index*."""self._assert_is_element(subelement)self._children.insert(index, subelement)def _assert_is_element(self, e):# Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the# shadowing C implementation.if not isinstance(e, _Element_Py):raise TypeError('expected an Element, not %s' % type(e).__name__)def remove(self, subelement):在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点"""Remove matching subelement.Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based onidentity, NOT ON tag value or contents.  To remove subelements byother means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension toselect what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to updatethe parent element.ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found."""# assert iselement(element)
        self._children.remove(subelement)def getchildren(self):获取所有的子节点（废弃）"""(Deprecated) Return all subelements.Elements are returned in document order."""warnings.warn("This method will be removed in future versions.  ""Use 'list(elem)' or iteration over elem instead.",DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)return self._childrendef find(self, path, namespaces=None):获取第一个寻找到的子节点"""Find first matching element by tag name or path.*path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found."""return ElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces)def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None):获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容"""Find text for first matching element by tag name or path.*path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,*default* is the value to return if the element was not found,*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.Return text content of first matching element, or default value ifnone was found.  Note that if an element is found having no textcontent, the empty string is returned."""return ElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces)def findall(self, path, namespaces=None):获取所有的子节点"""Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.*path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.Returns list containing all matching elements in document order."""return ElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces)def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None):获取所有指定的节点，并创建一个迭代器（可以被for循环）"""Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.*path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order."""return ElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces)def clear(self):清空节点"""Reset element.This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and setsthe text and tail attributes to None."""self.attrib.clear()self._children = []self.text = self.tail = Nonedef get(self, key, default=None):获取当前节点的属性值"""Get element attribute.Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this abit more efficiently.  *key* is what attribute to look for, and*default* is what to return if the attribute was not found.Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default ifattribute was not found."""return self.attrib.get(key, default)def set(self, key, value):为当前节点设置属性值"""Set element attribute.Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handlethis a bit more efficiently.  *key* is what attribute to set, and*value* is the attribute value to set it to."""self.attrib[key] = valuedef keys(self):获取当前节点的所有属性的 key"""Get list of attribute names.Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinaryPython dict.  Equivalent to attrib.keys()"""return self.attrib.keys()def items(self):获取当前节点的所有属性值，每个属性都是一个键值对"""Get element attributes as a sequence.The attributes are returned in arbitrary order.  Equivalent toattrib.items().Return a list of (name, value) tuples."""return self.attrib.items()def iter(self, tag=None):在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。"""Create tree iterator.The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in documentorder, returning all elements with a matching tag.If the tree structure is modified during iteration, new or removedelements may or may not be included.  To get a stable set, use thelist() function on the iterator, and loop over the resulting list.*tag* is what tags to look for (default is to return all elements)Return an iterator containing all the matching elements."""if tag == "*":tag = Noneif tag is None or self.tag == tag:yield selffor e in self._children:yield from e.iter(tag)# compatibilitydef getiterator(self, tag=None):# Change for a DeprecationWarning in 1.4
        warnings.warn("This method will be removed in future versions.  ""Use 'elem.iter()' or 'list(elem.iter())' instead.",PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)return list(self.iter(tag))def itertext(self):在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点的内容，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。"""Create text iterator.The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in documentorder, returning all inner text."""tag = self.tagif not isinstance(tag, str) and tag is not None:returnif self.text:yield self.textfor e in self:yield from e.itertext()if e.tail:yield e.tail节点功能一览表

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()### 操作# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)# 遍历XML文档的第二层
for child in root:# 第二层节点的标签名称和标签属性print(child.tag, child.attrib)# 遍历XML文档的第三层for i in child:# 第二层节点的标签名称和内容print(i.tag,i.text)

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()### 操作# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)# 遍历XML中所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):# 节点的标签名称和内容print(node.tag, node.text)

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET############ 解析方式一 ############# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)############ 操作 ############# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)# 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):# 将year节点中的内容自增一new_year = int(node.text) + 1node.text = str(new_year)# 设置属性node.set('name', 'alex')node.set('age', '18')# 删除属性del node.attrib['name']############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET############ 解析方式二 ############# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()############ 操作 ############# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)# 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):# 将year节点中的内容自增一new_year = int(node.text) + 1node.text = str(new_year)# 设置属性node.set('name', 'alex')node.set('age', '18')# 删除属性del node.attrib['name']############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET############ 解析字符串方式打开 ############# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)############ 操作 ############# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)# 遍历data下的所有country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):# 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容rank = int(country.find('rank').text)if rank > 50:# 删除指定country节点
        root.remove(country)############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET############ 解析文件方式 ############# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()############ 操作 ############# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)# 遍历data下的所有country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):# 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容rank = int(country.find('rank').text)if rank > 50:# 删除指定country节点
        root.remove(country)############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")# 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")# 创建大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'})# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
# grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")# 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"})# 在大儿子中创建一个孙子
grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={'name': '儿11'})
grandson1.text = '孙子'et = ET.ElementTree(root)  #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True, short_empty_elements=False)

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
from xml.dom import minidomdef prettify(elem):"""将节点转换成字符串，并添加缩进。"""rough_string = ET.tostring(elem, 'utf-8')reparsed = minidom.parseString(rough_string)return reparsed.toprettyxml(indent="\t")# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")# 创建大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'})# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
# grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)raw_str = prettify(root)f = open("xxxoo.xml",'w',encoding='utf-8')
f.write(raw_str)
f.close()

import subprocessobj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd='/home/dev',)

import subprocessobj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
obj.stdin.write("print(1)\n")
obj.stdin.write("print(2)")out_error_list = obj.communicate()
print(out_error_list)

import subprocessobj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
out_error_list = obj.communicate('print("hello")')
print(out_error_list)