D3D11 自由视角相机

本章节将介绍通过改变相机函数来将第一人称相机切换到自由视角相机，是基于前面第一人称相机章节来实现的。

简介：

实际上在前面骨骼章节是已经有用到自由视角的，这里单独拿出来介绍，基于第一人称相机章节来介绍：注释掉了五行代码，并添加了三行。

在这三行代码中得到自由视角相机，要得到自由视觉相机就是能够在三个维度（x,y,z）上向前，向后，向左和向右移动，而第一人称只能在两个维度上（x,z）上移动。本章节与第一人称章节的区别就是，第一人称创建新的旋转矩阵只绕着y轴去移动相机，自由视角使用用来更新目标向量的同样的旋转矩阵来旋转相机的向前和向右向量，其实也就是在y轴上可以自由移动了。

UpdateCamera()函数

void UpdateCamera()
{camRotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(camPitch, camYaw, 0);camTarget = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix );camTarget = XMVector3Normalize(camTarget);///**************new**************/*// First-Person CameraXMMATRIX RotateYTempMatrix;RotateYTempMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY(camYaw);camRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, RotateYTempMatrix);camUp = XMVector3TransformCoord(camUp, RotateYTempMatrix);camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, RotateYTempMatrix);*/// Free-Look CameracamRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, camRotationMatrix);camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix);camUp = XMVector3Cross(camForward, camRight);
///**************new**************camPosition += moveLeftRight*camRight;camPosition += moveBackForward*camForward;moveLeftRight = 0.0f;moveBackForward = 0.0f;camTarget = camPosition + camTarget;    camView = XMMatrixLookAtLH( camPosition, camTarget, camUp );
}

第一人称到自由视角

在前面介绍过，基于第一人称代码是注释了五行，添加了三行。注释的五行是用于创建绕着y轴转的旋转矩阵，这可确保相机只在xz平面上移动。但是在自由视角相机内需要在xyz轴上移动，可通过使用旋转矩阵来旋转目标向量以及旋转相机的向前和向右向量。通过叉乘相机向前和向右向量来得到向上向量。若要保持向上向量为（0,1,0），也就是世界向上，则当向上看时，相机会做一个180度的转到。

    /*// First-Person CameraXMMATRIX RotateYTempMatrix;RotateYTempMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY(camYaw);camRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, RotateYTempMatrix);camUp = XMVector3TransformCoord(camUp, RotateYTempMatrix);camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, RotateYTempMatrix);*/// Free-Look CameracamRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, camRotationMatrix);camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix);camUp = XMVector3Cross(camForward, camRight);

上面就是唯一需要改动的地方。

实例代码：

#include "stdafx.h"
#pragma comment(lib, "d3d11.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "d3dx11.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "d3dx10.lib")#pragma comment(lib, "D3D10_1.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "DXGI.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "D2D1.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "dwrite.lib")
///**************new**************
#pragma comment (lib, "dinput8.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "dxguid.lib")
///**************new**************#include <windows.h>
#include "Resource.h"
#include <d3d11.h>
#include <d3dx11.h>
#include <d3dx10.h>
#include <xnamath.h>
#include <D3D10_1.h>
#include <DXGI.h>
#include <D2D1.h>
#include <sstream>
#include <dwrite.h>
///**************new**************
#include <dinput.h>
///**************new**************
//全局描述符
IDXGISwapChain* SwapChain;
ID3D11Device* d3d11Device;
ID3D11DeviceContext* d3d11DevCon;
ID3D11RenderTargetView* renderTargetView;//索引缓冲
ID3D11Buffer* squareIndexBuffer;//深度值-20170927
ID3D11DepthStencilView* depthStencilView;
ID3D11Texture2D* depthStencilBuffer;//着色器
ID3D11Buffer* squareVertBuffer;
ID3D11VertexShader* VS;
ID3D11PixelShader* PS;
ID3D11PixelShader* D2D_PS;
ID3D10Blob* VS_Buffer;
ID3D10Blob* PS_Buffer;
ID3D10Blob* D2D_PS_Buffer;
ID3D11InputLayout* vertLayout;///
ID3D11Buffer* cbPerObjectBuffer;
ID3D11BlendState* Transparency;
ID3D11RasterizerState* CCWcullMode;
ID3D11RasterizerState* CWcullMode;
ID3D11ShaderResourceView* CubesTexture;
ID3D11SamplerState* CubesTexSamplerState;ID3D11Buffer* cbPerFrameBuffer;ID3D10Device1 *d3d101Device;
IDXGIKeyedMutex *keyedMutex11;
IDXGIKeyedMutex *keyedMutex10;
ID2D1RenderTarget *D2DRenderTarget;
ID2D1SolidColorBrush *Brush;
ID3D11Texture2D *BackBuffer11;
ID3D11Texture2D *sharedTex11;
ID3D11Buffer *d2dVertBuffer;
ID3D11Buffer *d2dIndexBuffer;
ID3D11ShaderResourceView *d2dTexture;
IDWriteFactory *DWriteFactory;
IDWriteTextFormat *TextFormat;
///**************new**************
IDirectInputDevice8* DIKeyboard;
IDirectInputDevice8* DIMouse;
///**************new**************
std::wstring printText;
/
LPCTSTR WndClassName = L"firstwindow";
HWND hwnd = NULL;
HRESULT hr;const int Width = 800; //设置宽
const int Height = 800; // 设置高///**************new**************
DIMOUSESTATE mouseLastState;
LPDIRECTINPUT8 DirectInput;float rotx = 0;
float rotz = 0;
float scaleX = 1.0f;
float scaleY = 1.0f;XMMATRIX Rotationx;
XMMATRIX Rotationz;
///**************new**************
///四个空间以及相机属性
XMMATRIX WVP;
//立方体
XMMATRIX cube1World;
XMMATRIX cube2World;
//
//XMMATRIX World;
XMMATRIX camView;
XMMATRIX camProjection;XMMATRIX d2dWorld;
XMVECTOR camPosition;
XMVECTOR camTarget;
XMVECTOR camUp;
///**************new**************
XMVECTOR DefaultForward = XMVectorSet(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f, 0.0f);
XMVECTOR DefaultRight = XMVectorSet(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f, 0.0f);
XMVECTOR camForward = XMVectorSet(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f, 0.0f);
XMVECTOR camRight = XMVectorSet(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f, 0.0f);XMMATRIX camRotationMatrix;
XMMATRIX groundWorld;float moveLeftRight = 0.0f;
float moveBackForward = 0.0f;float camYaw = 0.0f;
float camPitch = 0.0f;
///**************new**************
XMMATRIX Rotation;
XMMATRIX Scale;
XMMATRIX Translation;
float rot = 0.01f;///**************new**************
double countsPerSecond = 0.0;
__int64 CounterStart = 0;int frameCount = 0;
int fps = 0;__int64 frameTimeOld = 0;
double frameTime;
///**************new**************
//Function Prototypes//
bool InitializeDirect3d11App(HINSTANCE hInstance);
void CleanUp();
bool InitScene();
void DrawScene();
bool InitD2D_D3D101_DWrite(IDXGIAdapter1 *Adapter);
void InitD2DScreenTexture();
///**************new**************
void UpdateScene(double time);
///**************new**************
void UpdateCamera();
///**************new**************
void RenderText(std::wstring text, int inInt);
//void RenderText(std::wstring text);void StartTimer();
double GetTime();
double GetFrameTime();// 初始化窗口
bool InitializeWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance,int ShowWnd,int width, int height,bool windowed);//初始化消息循环函数
int messageloop();
//初始化窗口回调过程。Windows API是事件驱动型的编程模型。在该函数中捕获Windows消息，比如一个按键按下（也叫事件）以及程序操作流程。
///**************new**************
bool InitDirectInput(HINSTANCE hInstance);
void DetectInput(double time);
///**************new**************LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd,UINT msg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam);///new
//创建效果常量缓冲的结构体
struct cbPerObject
{XMMATRIX WVP;XMMATRIX World;};cbPerObject cbPerObj;struct Light
{Light(){ZeroMemory(this, sizeof(Light));}XMFLOAT3 dir;float pad;XMFLOAT4 ambient;XMFLOAT4 diffuse;};
Light light;struct cbPerFrame
{Light light;
};cbPerFrame constbuffPerFrame;//顶点结构体以及顶点布局（输入布局）struct Vertex
{Vertex(){}Vertex(float x, float y, float z,float u, float v,float nx, float ny, float nz):pos(x, y, z), texCoord(u, v), normal(nx, ny, nz){}XMFLOAT3 pos;XMFLOAT2 texCoord;XMFLOAT3 normal;
};D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC layout[] =
{{"POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0},{ "TEXCOORD", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT, 0, 12, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },{ "NORMAL", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 20, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 }
};
UINT numElements = ARRAYSIZE(layout);//主函数，传入应用程序句柄hInstance,前一个应用程序句柄hPrevInstance，传给函数处理的命令行lpCmdLine以及窗口显示方式的nShowCmd
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,LPSTR lpCmdLine,int nShowCmd)
{//创建并注册窗口if (!InitializeWindow(hInstance, nShowCmd, Width, Height, true)){MessageBox(0, L"Window Initialization - Failed",L"Error", MB_OK);return 0;}/newif (!InitializeDirect3d11App(hInstance)) // 初始化D3D{MessageBox(0, L"Direct3D Initialization - Failed",L"Error", MB_OK);return 0;}if(!InitScene())  //Initialize our scene{MessageBox(0, L"Scene Initialization - Failed",L"Error", MB_OK);return 0;}///**************new**************if(!InitDirectInput(hInstance)){MessageBox(0, L"Direct Input Initialization - Failed",L"Error", MB_OK);return 0;}///**************new**************messageloop();CleanUp();//ReleaseObjects();return 0;
}
// windowed 若为true则为窗口模式显示，若为false则为全屏模式显示
bool InitializeWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance,int ShowWnd,int width, int height,bool windowed)
{/*typedef struct _WNDCLASS{UINT cbSize;UINT style;WNDPROC lpfnWndProc;int cbClsExtra;int cbWndExtra;HANDLE hInstance;HICON hIcon;HCURSOR hCursor;HBRUSH hbrBackground;LPCTSTR lpszMenuName;LPCTSTR lpszClassName;}WNDCLASS;*/WNDCLASSEX wc;wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); //window类的大小/********windows类风格*CS_CLASSDC 一个使用该类创建的在所有窗口间共享的设备上下文*CS_DBLCLKS 在窗口上使能双击功能*CS_HREDRAW 若窗口的宽度有改变或者窗口水平地移动，窗口将会刷新*CS_NOCLOSE 窗口菜单上禁止关闭选项*CS_OWNDC   为每个窗口创建自己的设备上下文。正好与CS_CLASSDC相反*CS_PARENTDC 这会设置创建的子窗口的剪裁四边形到父窗口，这允许子窗口能够在父窗口上绘画*CS_VERDRAW 若在窗口的高度或窗口在垂直方向有移动窗口会重绘**/wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;//lpfnWndProc是一个指向处理窗口消息函数的指针，设置窗口处理函数的函数名WndProcwc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;//cbClsExtra是WNDCLASSEX之后额外申请的字节数wc.cbClsExtra = NULL;//cbWndExtra指定窗口实例之后所申请的字节数wc.cbWndExtra = NULL;//当前窗口应用程序的句柄，通过给函数GetModuleHandle()函数第一个参数传入NULL可获取当前窗口应用程序。wc.hInstance = hInstance;//hIcon用来指定窗口标题栏左上角的图标。以下是一些标准图标：/**IDI_APPLICATION 默认应用程序图标*IDI_HAND 手形状的图标*IDI_EXCLAMATION 感叹号图标*IDI_INFORMATION 星号图标*IDI_QUESTION 问号图标*IDI_WINLOGO 若使用的是XP则是默认应用程序图标，否则是窗口logo*/wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);/*定义光标图标*IDC_APPSTARTING 标准箭头以及小型沙漏光标*IDC_ARROW 标准箭头光标*IDC_CROSS 十字线光标*IDC_HAND 手型光标*IDC_NO 斜线圈光标*IDC_WAIT 沙漏光标*/wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);//hbrBackground是一个刷子的句柄，可使得背景黑色。wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW + 2);//附加到窗口的菜单名字，不需要的话设置为NULLwc.lpszMenuName = NULL;//对类进行命名wc.lpszClassName = WndClassName;//指定任务栏的图标，使用上面的IDI＿图标wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);//注册类。若失败则会获得一个错误，若成功，则继续创建窗口if (!RegisterClassEx(&wc)){MessageBox(NULL, L"Error registering class",L"Error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);return 1;}//创建窗口hwnd = CreateWindowEx(NULL, WndClassName, L"free look camera",WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, width,height, NULL,NULL,hInstance,NULL);if (!hwnd){MessageBox(NULL, L"Error registering class", L"Error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);return 1;}//BOOL ShowWindow(HWND hWnd, int nCmdShow);//BOOL UpdateWindow(HWND hWnd);ShowWindow(hwnd, ShowWnd);UpdateWindow(hwnd);// 发送WM_PAINT消息到窗口过程，若窗口客户区没有任何东西要显示，则不发送消息。返回true，继续运行到mainloop中去。return true;
}bool InitializeDirect3d11App(HINSTANCE hInstance)
{//声明缓冲DXGI_MODE_DESC bufferDesc;ZeroMemory(&bufferDesc, sizeof(DXGI_MODE_DESC));bufferDesc.Width = Width;bufferDesc.Height = Height;bufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;bufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;bufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;bufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED;bufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED;//声明交换链DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc;ZeroMemory(&swapChainDesc, sizeof(DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC));swapChainDesc.BufferDesc = bufferDesc;swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1;swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd;///**************new**************swapChainDesc.Windowed = true; ///**************new**************swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;//创建DXGI factory来枚举显卡IDXGIFactory1 *DXGIFactory;HRESULT hr = CreateDXGIFactory1(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory1), (void **)&DXGIFactory);//使用第一个显卡IDXGIAdapter1 *Adapter;hr = DXGIFactory->EnumAdapters1(0, &Adapter);DXGIFactory->Release();//创建D3D11设备和交换链//hr = D3D11C//创建交换链D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(Adapter, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN, NULL, D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT, NULL, NULL,   D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDesc, &SwapChain, &d3d11Device, NULL, &d3d11DevCon);//初始化D2D D3D10.1和DirectWriteInitD2D_D3D101_DWrite(Adapter);//释放Adapter接口Adapter->Release();//创建后缓冲ID3D11Texture2D* BackBuffer;SwapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (void**)&BackBuffer);//创建渲染目标d3d11Device->CreateRenderTargetView(BackBuffer, NULL, &renderTargetView);BackBuffer->Release();//创建深度模板缓冲D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthStencilDesc;depthStencilDesc.Width = Width;depthStencilDesc.Height = Height;depthStencilDesc.MipLevels = 1;depthStencilDesc.ArraySize = 1;depthStencilDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;depthStencilDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;depthStencilDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;depthStencilDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL; //绑定到OMdepthStencilDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;depthStencilDesc.MiscFlags = 0;//创建深度模板视图d3d11Device->CreateTexture2D(&depthStencilDesc, NULL, &depthStencilBuffer);d3d11Device->CreateDepthStencilView(depthStencilBuffer, NULL, &depthStencilView);return true;
}bool InitD2D_D3D101_DWrite(IDXGIAdapter1 *Adapter)
{//创建D3D101设备hr = D3D10CreateDevice1(Adapter, D3D10_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, D3D10_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT,D3D10_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_3, D3D10_1_SDK_VERSION, &d3d101Device);//创建共享纹理，D3D101将会渲染它D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC sharedTexDesc;ZeroMemory(&sharedTexDesc, sizeof(sharedTexDesc));sharedTexDesc.Width = Width;sharedTexDesc.Height = Height;sharedTexDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;// DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;// DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;sharedTexDesc.MipLevels = 1;sharedTexDesc.ArraySize = 1;sharedTexDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;sharedTexDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;sharedTexDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_SHADER_RESOURCE | D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET;sharedTexDesc.MiscFlags = D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_SHARED_KEYEDMUTEX;hr = d3d11Device->CreateTexture2D(&sharedTexDesc, NULL, &sharedTex11);//为共享纹理获取key互斥量（为D3D11）hr = sharedTex11->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIKeyedMutex), (void **)&keyedMutex11);//获取共享句柄需要在D3D10.1中打开共享纹理IDXGIResource *sharedResource10;HANDLE sharedHandle10;hr = sharedTex11->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIResource), (void **)&sharedResource10);hr = sharedResource10->GetSharedHandle(&sharedHandle10);sharedResource10->Release();//在D3D10.1中为共享纹理打开界面IDXGISurface1 *sharedSurface10;hr = d3d101Device->OpenSharedResource(sharedHandle10, __uuidof(IDXGISurface1), (void **)(&sharedSurface10));hr = sharedSurface10->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIKeyedMutex), (void **)&keyedMutex10);//创建D2D factoryID2D1Factory *D2DFactory;hr = D2D1CreateFactory(D2D1_FACTORY_TYPE_SINGLE_THREADED, __uuidof(ID2D1Factory), (void **)&D2DFactory);D2D1_RENDER_TARGET_PROPERTIES renderTargetProperties;ZeroMemory(&renderTargetProperties, sizeof(renderTargetProperties));renderTargetProperties.type = D2D1_RENDER_TARGET_TYPE_HARDWARE;renderTargetProperties.pixelFormat = D2D1::PixelFormat(DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, D2D1_ALPHA_MODE_PREMULTIPLIED);hr = D2DFactory->CreateDxgiSurfaceRenderTarget(sharedSurface10, &renderTargetProperties, &D2DRenderTarget);sharedSurface10->Release();D2DFactory->Release();//创建立体彩色画笔绘制一些东西hr = D2DRenderTarget->CreateSolidColorBrush(D2D1::ColorF(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), &Brush);//DirectWritehr = DWriteCreateFactory(DWRITE_FACTORY_TYPE_SHARED, __uuidof(IDWriteFactory), reinterpret_cast<IUnknown **>(&DWriteFactory));hr = DWriteFactory->CreateTextFormat(L"Script",NULL,DWRITE_FONT_WEIGHT_REGULAR,DWRITE_FONT_STYLE_NORMAL,DWRITE_FONT_STRETCH_NORMAL,24.0f,L"en-us",&TextFormat);hr = TextFormat->SetTextAlignment(DWRITE_TEXT_ALIGNMENT_LEADING);hr = TextFormat->SetParagraphAlignment(DWRITE_PARAGRAPH_ALIGNMENT_NEAR);d3d101Device->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D10_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINTLIST);    return true;
}///**************new**************
bool InitDirectInput(HINSTANCE hInstance)
{hr = DirectInput8Create(hInstance,DIRECTINPUT_VERSION,IID_IDirectInput8,(void**)&DirectInput,NULL); hr = DirectInput->CreateDevice(GUID_SysKeyboard,&DIKeyboard,NULL);hr = DirectInput->CreateDevice(GUID_SysMouse,&DIMouse,NULL);hr = DIKeyboard->SetDataFormat(&c_dfDIKeyboard);hr = DIKeyboard->SetCooperativeLevel(hwnd, DISCL_FOREGROUND | DISCL_NONEXCLUSIVE);hr = DIMouse->SetDataFormat(&c_dfDIMouse);hr = DIMouse->SetCooperativeLevel(hwnd, DISCL_EXCLUSIVE | DISCL_NOWINKEY | DISCL_FOREGROUND);return true;
}///**************new**************
void UpdateCamera()
{camRotationMatrix = XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(camPitch, camYaw, 0);camTarget = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix );camTarget = XMVector3Normalize(camTarget);///**************new**************/*// First-Person CameraXMMATRIX RotateYTempMatrix;RotateYTempMatrix = XMMatrixRotationY(camYaw);camRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, RotateYTempMatrix);camUp = XMVector3TransformCoord(camUp, RotateYTempMatrix);camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, RotateYTempMatrix);*///自由视角相机camRight = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultRight, camRotationMatrix);camForward = XMVector3TransformCoord(DefaultForward, camRotationMatrix);camUp = XMVector3Cross(camForward, camRight);
///**************new**************camPosition += moveLeftRight*camRight;camPosition += moveBackForward*camForward;moveLeftRight = 0.0f;moveBackForward = 0.0f;camTarget = camPosition + camTarget;  camView = XMMatrixLookAtLH( camPosition, camTarget, camUp );
}
void DetectInput(double time)
{DIMOUSESTATE mouseCurrState;BYTE keyboardState[256];DIKeyboard->Acquire();DIMouse->Acquire();DIMouse->GetDeviceState(sizeof(DIMOUSESTATE), &mouseCurrState);DIKeyboard->GetDeviceState(sizeof(keyboardState),(LPVOID)&keyboardState);if(keyboardState[DIK_ESCAPE] & 0x80)PostMessage(hwnd, WM_DESTROY, 0, 0);float speed = 15.0f * time;if(keyboardState[DIK_A] & 0x80){moveLeftRight -= speed;}if(keyboardState[DIK_D] & 0x80){moveLeftRight += speed;}if(keyboardState[DIK_W] & 0x80){moveBackForward += speed;}if(keyboardState[DIK_S] & 0x80){moveBackForward -= speed;}if((mouseCurrState.lX != mouseLastState.lX) || (mouseCurrState.lY != mouseLastState.lY)){camYaw += mouseLastState.lX * 0.001f;camPitch += mouseCurrState.lY * 0.001f;mouseLastState = mouseCurrState;}UpdateCamera();return;
}
///**************new**************
void CleanUp()
{///**************new**************SwapChain->SetFullscreenState(false, NULL);PostMessage(hwnd, WM_DESTROY, 0, 0);///**************new**************SwapChain->Release();d3d11Device->Release();d3d11DevCon->Release();renderTargetView->Release();squareVertBuffer->Release();squareIndexBuffer->Release();//triangleVertBuffer->Release();VS->Release();PS->Release();VS_Buffer->Release();PS_Buffer->Release();vertLayout->Release();depthStencilView->Release();depthStencilBuffer->Release();//cbPerObjectBuffer->Release();//释放不裁剪对象
//  noCull->Release();//释放混合对象
#if 1Transparency->Release();CCWcullMode->Release();CWcullMode->Release();
#endif  //释放线框//WireFrame->Release();d3d101Device->Release();keyedMutex11->Release();keyedMutex10->Release();D2DRenderTarget->Release();Brush->Release();
//  BackBuffer11->Release();sharedTex11->Release();DWriteFactory->Release();TextFormat->Release();d2dTexture->Release();/// newcbPerFrameBuffer->Release();///**************new**************DIKeyboard->Unacquire();DIMouse->Unacquire();DirectInput->Release();///**************new**************
}void InitD2DScreenTexture()
{//创建顶点缓冲Vertex v[] ={//字体面Vertex(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f),Vertex(-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f),Vertex(1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f),Vertex(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f),};DWORD indices[] = {//字体面0, 1, 2,0, 2, 3,};D3D11_BUFFER_DESC indexBufferDesc;ZeroMemory(&indexBufferDesc, sizeof(indexBufferDesc));indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(DWORD) * 2 * 3;indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;iinitData.pSysMem = indices;d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &iinitData, &d2dIndexBuffer);D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc;ZeroMemory(&vertexBufferDesc, sizeof(vertexBufferDesc));vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(Vertex) * 4;vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData;ZeroMemory(&vertexBufferData, sizeof(vertexBufferData));vertexBufferData.pSysMem = v;hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&vertexBufferDesc, &vertexBufferData, &d2dVertBuffer);//从纹理D2D，创建一个着色器资源视图//因此，能够使用它来创建一个矩形纹理，用于覆盖场景d3d11Device->CreateShaderResourceView(sharedTex11, NULL, &d2dTexture);}//void ReleaseObjects()
//{
//释放创建的COM对象
//  SwapChain->Release();
//  d3d11Device->Release();
//  d3d11DevCon->Release();
//}bool InitScene()
{//InitD2DScreenTexture();//编译着色器hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile(L"Effects.fx", 0, 0, "VS", "vs_4_0", 0, 0, 0, &VS_Buffer, 0, 0);hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile(L"Effects.fx", 0, 0, "PS", "ps_4_0", 0, 0, 0, &PS_Buffer, 0, 0);/// newhr = D3DX11CompileFromFile(L"Effects.fx", 0, 0, "D2D_PS", "ps_4_0", 0, 0, 0, &D2D_PS_Buffer, 0, 0);//创建着色器对象hr = d3d11Device->CreateVertexShader(VS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), VS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &VS);hr = d3d11Device->CreatePixelShader(PS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), PS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &PS);///newhr = d3d11Device->CreatePixelShader(D2D_PS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(), D2D_PS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &D2D_PS);//设置顶点和像素着色器d3d11DevCon->VSSetShader(VS, 0, 0);d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(PS, 0, 0);///**************new**************light.dir = XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);light.ambient = XMFLOAT4(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f);light.diffuse = XMFLOAT4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);//Create the vertex bufferVertex v[] ={// Bottom FaceVertex(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),Vertex( 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,   0.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),Vertex( 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,   0.0f,   0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),Vertex(-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f, 100.0f,   0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f),};DWORD indices[] = {0,  1,  2,0,  2,  3,};D3D11_BUFFER_DESC indexBufferDesc;ZeroMemory(&indexBufferDesc, sizeof(indexBufferDesc));indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(DWORD) * 12 * 3;indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;iinitData.pSysMem = indices;d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &iinitData, &squareIndexBuffer);D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc;ZeroMemory(&vertexBufferDesc, sizeof(vertexBufferDesc));vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(Vertex) * 24;vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData;ZeroMemory(&vertexBufferData, sizeof(vertexBufferData));vertexBufferData.pSysMem = v;hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&vertexBufferDesc, &vertexBufferData, &squareVertBuffer);//设置顶点缓冲
//  UINT stride = sizeof(Vertex);
//  UINT offset = 0;
//  d3d11DevCon->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &squareVertBuffer, &stride, &offset);//创建输入布局d3d11Device->CreateInputLayout(layout, numElements, VS_Buffer->GetBufferPointer(),VS_Buffer->GetBufferSize(), &vertLayout);//设置输入布局d3d11DevCon->IASetInputLayout(vertLayout);//设置图元拓扑d3d11DevCon->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);//创建视口D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport;ZeroMemory(&viewport, sizeof(D3D11_VIEWPORT));viewport.TopLeftX = 0;viewport.TopLeftY = 0;viewport.Width = Width;viewport.Height = Height;viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;//设置视口d3d11DevCon->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);//创建缓冲用来发送到效果文件的cbufferD3D11_BUFFER_DESC cbbd;ZeroMemory(&cbbd, sizeof(D3D11_BUFFER_DESC));cbbd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;cbbd.ByteWidth = sizeof(cbPerObject);cbbd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;cbbd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;cbbd.MiscFlags = 0;hr = d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&cbbd, NULL, &cbPerObjectBuffer);//创建缓冲用于每帧发送cbuffer到着色器文件ZeroMemory(&cbbd, sizeof(D3D11_BUFFER_DESC));cbbd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;cbbd.ByteWidth = sizeof(cbPerFrame);cbbd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;cbbd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;cbbd.MiscFlags = 0;d3d11Device->CreateBuffer(&cbbd, NULL, &cbPerFrameBuffer);//相机信息//相机信息camPosition = XMVectorSet( 0.0f, 5.0f, -8.0f, 0.0f );//camPosition = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f);camTarget = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);camUp = XMVectorSet(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);//设置视图矩阵camView = XMMatrixLookAtLH(camPosition, camTarget, camUp);//设置投影矩阵camProjection = XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(0.4f*3.14f, (float)Width / Height, 1.0f, 1000.0f);D3D11_BLEND_DESC blendDesc;ZeroMemory( &blendDesc, sizeof(blendDesc) );D3D11_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC rtbd;ZeroMemory( &rtbd, sizeof(rtbd) );rtbd.BlendEnable             = true;rtbd.SrcBlend                 = D3D11_BLEND_SRC_COLOR;///**************new**************rtbd.DestBlend                 = D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;///**************new**************rtbd.BlendOp                 = D3D11_BLEND_OP_ADD;rtbd.SrcBlendAlpha             = D3D11_BLEND_ONE;rtbd.DestBlendAlpha             = D3D11_BLEND_ZERO;rtbd.BlendOpAlpha             = D3D11_BLEND_OP_ADD;rtbd.RenderTargetWriteMask     = D3D10_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALL;blendDesc.AlphaToCoverageEnable = false;blendDesc.RenderTarget[0] = rtbd;//加载图像纹理//hr =
//#if 1hr = D3DX11CreateShaderResourceViewFromFile( d3d11Device, L"grass.jpg",NULL, NULL, &CubesTexture, NULL);//配置采样状态D3D11_SAMPLER_DESC sampDesc;ZeroMemory(&sampDesc, sizeof(sampDesc));sampDesc.Filter = D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;sampDesc.AddressU = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;sampDesc.AddressV = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;sampDesc.AddressW = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;sampDesc.ComparisonFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_NEVER;sampDesc.MinLOD = 0;sampDesc.MaxLOD = D3D11_FLOAT32_MAX;//创建采样状态hr = d3d11Device->CreateSamplerState(&sampDesc, &CubesTexSamplerState);d3d11Device->CreateBlendState(&blendDesc, &Transparency);//创建逆时针和顺时针状态D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC cmdesc;ZeroMemory(&cmdesc, sizeof(D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC));cmdesc.FillMode = D3D11_FILL_SOLID;cmdesc.CullMode = D3D11_CULL_BACK;cmdesc.FrontCounterClockwise = true;hr = d3d11Device->CreateRasterizerState(&cmdesc, &CCWcullMode);cmdesc.FrontCounterClockwise = false;hr = d3d11Device->CreateRasterizerState(&cmdesc, &CWcullMode);return true;
}///**************new**************
void StartTimer()
{LARGE_INTEGER frequencyCount;QueryPerformanceFrequency(&frequencyCount);countsPerSecond = double(frequencyCount.QuadPart);QueryPerformanceCounter(&frequencyCount);CounterStart = frequencyCount.QuadPart;
}double GetTime()
{LARGE_INTEGER currentTime;QueryPerformanceCounter(¤tTime);return double(currentTime.QuadPart-CounterStart)/countsPerSecond;
}double GetFrameTime()
{LARGE_INTEGER currentTime;__int64 tickCount;QueryPerformanceCounter(¤tTime);tickCount = currentTime.QuadPart-frameTimeOld;frameTimeOld = currentTime.QuadPart;if(tickCount < 0.0f)tickCount = 0.0f;return float(tickCount)/countsPerSecond;
}
///**************new**************///**************new**************
void UpdateScene(double time)///**************new**************
//void UpdateScene()
{//Reset cube1WorldgroundWorld = XMMatrixIdentity();//Define cube1's world space matrix///**************new**************Scale = XMMatrixScaling( 500.0f, 10.0f, 500.0f );Translation = XMMatrixTranslation( 0.0f, 10.0f, 0.0f );//Set cube1's world space using the transformationsgroundWorld = Scale * Translation;///**************new**************cube2World = Rotation * Scale;
}///**************new**************
void RenderText(std::wstring text, int inInt)
//void RenderText(std::wstring text)
{//释放D3D11设备d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(D2D_PS, 0, 0);keyedMutex11->ReleaseSync(0);//使用D3D10.1设备keyedMutex10->AcquireSync(0, 5);//绘制D2D内容D2DRenderTarget->BeginDraw();//清空D2D背景色D2DRenderTarget->Clear(D2D1::ColorF(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));//创建字符串std::wostringstream printString;///**************new**************printString << text << inInt;//   printString << text;///**************new**************printText = printString.str();//设置字体颜色D2D1_COLOR_F FontColor = D2D1::ColorF(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);//设置D2D绘制要用到的画笔颜色Brush->SetColor(FontColor);//创建D2D渲染区域D2D1_RECT_F layoutRect = D2D1::RectF(0, 0, Width, Height);//绘制文本D2DRenderTarget->DrawText(printText.c_str(),wcslen(printText.c_str()),TextFormat,layoutRect,Brush);D2DRenderTarget->EndDraw();//释放D3D10.1设备keyedMutex10->ReleaseSync(1);//使用D3D11设备keyedMutex11->AcquireSync(1, 5);//使用着色器资源表示d2d渲染目标来创建一个矩形纹理，该矩形是被渲染进屏幕空间的。使用α混合以便整个D2D//渲染目标的背景为不可见的，且只有使用D2D绘制的东西才可见（文本）。//为D2D渲染目标纹理对象设置混合状态d3d11DevCon->OMSetBlendState(Transparency, NULL, 0xffffffff);//Set d2d's pixel shader so lighting calculations are not done//  d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(D2D_PS, 0, 0);//设置d2d索引缓冲d3d11DevCon->IASetIndexBuffer(d2dIndexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);//设置d2d顶点缓冲UINT stride = sizeof(Vertex);UINT offset = 0;d3d11DevCon->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &d2dVertBuffer, &stride, &offset);WVP = XMMatrixIdentity();///new
//  cbPerObj.World = XMMatrixTranspose(WVP);cbPerObj.WVP = XMMatrixTranspose(WVP);d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource(cbPerObjectBuffer, 0, NULL, &cbPerObj, 0, 0);d3d11DevCon->VSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer);d3d11DevCon->PSSetShaderResources(0, 1, &d2dTexture);d3d11DevCon->PSSetSamplers(0, 1, &CubesTexSamplerState);d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(CWcullMode);//画第二个立方体d3d11DevCon->DrawIndexed(6, 0, 0);}void DrawScene()
{//将更新的颜色填充后缓冲
//  D3DXCOLOR bgColor(red, green, blue, 1.0f);float bgColor[4] = { 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f };d3d11DevCon->ClearRenderTargetView(renderTargetView, bgColor);//刷新深度模板视图d3d11DevCon->ClearDepthStencilView(depthStencilView, D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH | D3D11_CLEAR_STENCIL, 1.0f, 0);//newconstbuffPerFrame.light = light;d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource(cbPerFrameBuffer, 0, NULL, &constbuffPerFrame, 0, 0);d3d11DevCon->PSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, &cbPerFrameBuffer);//复位顶点和像素着色器
//  d3d11DevCon->VSSetShader(VS, 0, 0);
//  d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(PS, 0, 0);//使能默认光栅化状态
//  d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(NULL);//绘制使用背面裁剪的对象//关闭背面裁剪// d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(noCull);d3d11DevCon->OMSetRenderTargets( 1, &renderTargetView, depthStencilView );d3d11DevCon->OMSetBlendState(0, 0, 0xffffffff);d3d11DevCon->VSSetShader(VS, 0, 0);d3d11DevCon->PSSetShader(PS, 0, 0);//Set the cubes index buffer//设置立方体的索引缓冲d3d11DevCon->IASetIndexBuffer(squareIndexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);//设置立方体的顶点缓冲UINT stride = sizeof(Vertex);UINT offset = 0;d3d11DevCon->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &squareVertBuffer, &stride, &offset);//设置WVP矩阵并将它送到效果文件中的常量缓冲中WVP = groundWorld * camView * camProjection;cbPerObj.WVP = XMMatrixTranspose(WVP);  cbPerObj.World = XMMatrixTranspose(groundWorld);   d3d11DevCon->UpdateSubresource( cbPerObjectBuffer, 0, NULL, &cbPerObj, 0, 0 );d3d11DevCon->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, &cbPerObjectBuffer );d3d11DevCon->PSSetShaderResources( 0, 1, &CubesTexture );d3d11DevCon->PSSetSamplers( 0, 1, &CubesTexSamplerState );d3d11DevCon->RSSetState(CCWcullMode);d3d11DevCon->DrawIndexed( 6, 0, 0 );RenderText(L"FPS: ", fps);//Present the backbuffer to the screenSwapChain->Present(0, 0);
}int messageloop(){MSG msg;ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));//清除结构体被设为NULL。while (true){//使用PeekMessage()检查是否有消息传进来/*LPMSG lpMsg 消息结构体的指针*HWND hWnd 发送消息的窗口句柄。若设为NULL，那么它会从当前程序中接收来自任何一个窗口的消息*UINT wMsgFilterMin 指定消息范围内第一个要检查的消息的值。若wMsgFilterMin和wMsgFilterMax都设为0，那么PeekMessage将会检查素有的消息*UINT wMsgFilterMax 指定消息范围内最后一个要检测的消息的值*UINT wRemoveMsg 指定消息的处理方式。若设置为PM_REMOVE，则在读取之后会被删除*/if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)){if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)break;//若消息为窗口消息，则解析并分发它。TranslateMessage()将会让窗口做一些解析，类似键盘的虚拟键值转换到字符形式。//而DispatchMessage()则发送消息到窗口过程WndProc。TranslateMessage(&msg);DispatchMessage(&msg);}else //若没有窗口消息，则运行游戏///**************new**************{frameCount++;if(GetTime() > 1.0f){fps = frameCount;frameCount = 0;StartTimer();}    frameTime = GetFrameTime();///**************new**************DetectInput(frameTime);///**************new**************UpdateScene(frameTime);DrawScene();}}return msg.wParam;
}//窗口消息处理函数
//HWND hwnd 获取消息的窗口句柄
//UINT msg 消息的内容
/*
*WM_ACTIVE 当窗口激活时发送的消息
*WM_CLOSE 当窗口关闭时发送的消息
*WM_CREATE 当窗口创建时发送的消息
*WM_DESTROY 当窗口销毁时发送的消息
*/
//wParam和lParam时消息的额外信息。使用wParam来检测键盘输入消息
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd,UINT msg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam)
{// 这是事件检测消息的地方，若escape键被按下，会显示一个消息框，询问是否真的退出。若点击yes，则程序关闭。若不点击，则消息框关闭。若消息包含WM_DESTROY// 则意味着窗口正在被销毁，返回0并且程序关闭switch (msg){case WM_KEYDOWN:if (wParam == VK_ESCAPE){if (MessageBox(0, L"Are you sure you want to exit?",L"Really?", MB_YESNO | MB_ICONASTERISK) == IDYES){DestroyWindow(hwnd);}return 0;}break;case WM_DESTROY:PostQuitMessage(0);return 0;break;default:break;}//调用默认窗口过程函数return DefWindowProc(hwnd,msg,wParam,lParam);
}

着色器文件：

struct Light
{float3 dir;float4 ambient;float4 diffuse;
};cbuffer cbPerFrame
{Light light;
};cbuffer cbPerObject
{float4x4 WVP;float4x4 World;
};Texture2D ObjTexture;
SamplerState ObjSamplerState;struct VS_OUTPUT
{float4 Pos : SV_POSITION;float2 TexCoord : TEXCOORD;float3 normal : NORMAL;
};VS_OUTPUT VS(float4 inPos : POSITION, float2 inTexCoord : TEXCOORD, float3 normal : NORMAL)
{VS_OUTPUT output;output.Pos = mul(inPos, WVP);output.normal = mul(normal, World);output.TexCoord = inTexCoord;return output;
}float4 PS(VS_OUTPUT input) : SV_TARGET
{input.normal = normalize(input.normal);float4 diffuse = ObjTexture.Sample( ObjSamplerState, input.TexCoord );float3 finalColor;finalColor = diffuse * light.ambient;finalColor += saturate(dot(light.dir, input.normal) * light.diffuse * diffuse);return float4(finalColor, diffuse.a);
}float4 D2D_PS(VS_OUTPUT input) : SV_TARGET
{float4 diffuse = ObjTexture.Sample( ObjSamplerState, input.TexCoord );return diffuse;
}

效果图：

参考网址

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