我想复习一下D3D11的一些基础API，于是翻了翻Microsoft DirectX SDK (June 2010)找到其中一个最简单的D3D11的实例（\Samples\C++\Direct3D11\Tutorials\Tutorial02）。可惜因为SDK版本太旧，安装的教学工程是VS2010的，我尝试升级成VS2017的工程但失败了。于是我决定手动新创建一个工程来跑起来这个教学范例，过程中也抛弃掉了一些比较边缘，不影响效果的内容（其中较为重要的被舍弃的内容是：1.清理掉对象；2.输出shader编译的错误）。

实践

首先，需要安装Microsoft DirectX SDK (June 2010)，因为用到了其中的函数。

0.创建一个空工程

之后创建一个cpp文件。

1.目标是创建一个窗口

1.1 入口函数

我们的入口函数是

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)

要确保配置中链接器 =》系统 =》子系统设置为窗口，这将表示我们的入口函数是WinMain而不是main

1.2 生成窗口

我们窗口的Handle将存在一个全局变量中：

HWND                    g_hWnd = NULL;

同时，需要一个“窗口过程”来接收Windows发来的消息：

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{switch (message){case WM_DESTROY:PostQuitMessage(0);break;default:return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);}return 0;
}

然后，就可以初始化窗口了

HRESULT InitWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow)
{// Register classWNDCLASSEX wcex;wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;wcex.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;wcex.cbClsExtra = 0;wcex.cbWndExtra = 0;wcex.hInstance = hInstance;wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(hInstance, (LPCTSTR)"");wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW + 1);wcex.lpszMenuName = NULL;wcex.lpszClassName = "TestD3D11WindowClass";wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, (LPCTSTR)"");if (!RegisterClassEx(&wcex))return E_FAIL;// Create windowRECT rc = { 0, 0, WindowWidth, WindowHeight };AdjustWindowRect(&rc, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, FALSE);g_hWnd = CreateWindowA("TestD3D11WindowClass", "TestD3D11Window",WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, rc.right - rc.left, rc.bottom - rc.top, NULL, NULL, hInstance,NULL);if (!g_hWnd)return E_FAIL;ShowWindow(g_hWnd, nCmdShow);return S_OK;
}

将入口函数改为：

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{InitWindow(hInstance, nCmdShow);MSG msg = { 0 };while (WM_QUIT != msg.message){if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)){TranslateMessage(&msg);DispatchMessage(&msg);}}return msg.wParam;
}

运行后可看见窗口：

2.目标是初始化D3D11并且以一颜色清理BackBuffer

首先将D3D11相关的头文件配置上：

然后，需要添加lib，
先把lib的路径添加进来

然后依赖d3d11.lib和d3dx11.lib

下面，写一个新函数InitD3D，他将初始化D3D相关的内容

HRESULT InitD3D()
{HRESULT hr = S_OK;return hr;
}

2.1 尝试创建Device和SwapChain，得到ImmediateContext

首先声明他们的全局变量

ID3D11Device*           g_pd3dDevice = NULL;
ID3D11DeviceContext*    g_pImmediateContext = NULL;
IDXGISwapChain*         g_pSwapChain = NULL;

然后开始写InitD3D中的代码：
列出所有考虑的FeatureLevel：

D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevels[] =
{D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0,
};

列出所有考虑的驱动类型（越靠前越优先考虑）

D3D_DRIVER_TYPE driverTypes[] =
{D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_WARP,D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_REFERENCE,
};

创建SwapChain的描述结构体

DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapchainDescription;
ZeroMemory(&swapchainDescription, sizeof(swapchainDescription));
swapchainDescription.BufferCount = 1;
swapchainDescription.BufferDesc.Width = WindowWidth;
swapchainDescription.BufferDesc.Height = WindowHeight;
swapchainDescription.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
swapchainDescription.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
swapchainDescription.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
swapchainDescription.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
swapchainDescription.OutputWindow = g_hWnd;
swapchainDescription.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
swapchainDescription.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
swapchainDescription.Windowed = TRUE;

调用D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain来创建Device和SwapChain，得到ImmediateContext

D3D_DRIVER_TYPE         outDriverType;   //最终决定的DriverType
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL       outFeatureLevel;//最终决定的FeatureLevel
//按照驱动类型依次尝试创建Device和SwapChain
for (UINT driverTypeIndex = 0; driverTypeIndex < ARRAYSIZE(driverTypes); driverTypeIndex++)
{outDriverType = driverTypes[driverTypeIndex];hr = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, outDriverType, NULL, 0, featureLevels, ARRAYSIZE(featureLevels),D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapchainDescription, &g_pSwapChain, &g_pd3dDevice, &outFeatureLevel, &g_pImmediateContext);if (SUCCEEDED(hr))break;
}
if (FAILED(hr))return hr;

2.2创建一个 render target view

先声明全局变量

ID3D11RenderTargetView* g_pRenderTargetView = NULL;

继续写 InitD3D：
从SwapChain那里得到BackBuffer

ID3D11Texture2D* pBackBuffer = NULL;
hr = g_pSwapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (LPVOID*)&pBackBuffer);
if (FAILED(hr))return hr;

调用CreateRenderTargetView创建一个 render target view

hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(pBackBuffer, NULL, &g_pRenderTargetView);
pBackBuffer->Release();
if (FAILED(hr))return hr;

输出合并阶段（Output-Merger Stage）设置RenderTarget

g_pImmediateContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &g_pRenderTargetView, NULL);

2.3

Render函数：
只是以一个浅绿色来清理 back buffer

void Render()
{// 清理 back buffer float ClearColor[4] = { 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.6f, 1.0f }; g_pImmediateContext->ClearRenderTargetView(g_pRenderTargetView, ClearColor);// Present the information rendered to the back buffer to the front buffer (the screen)g_pSwapChain->Present(0, 0);
}

然后改变我们的入口函数：

int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{InitWindow(hInstance, nCmdShow);InitD3D();MSG msg = { 0 };while (WM_QUIT != msg.message){if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)){TranslateMessage(&msg);DispatchMessage(&msg);}else{Render();}}return msg.wParam;
}

运行会看到：

3.目标是画出一个三角形

3.1着色器文件

创建一个着色器文件TestShader.fx，内容很简单：

float4 VS( float4 Pos : POSITION ) : SV_POSITION
{return Pos;
}float4 PS( float4 Pos : SV_POSITION ) : SV_Target
{return float4( 0.8f, 0.7f, 0.9f, 1.0f );
}

顶点着色器只是返回位置，不做任何变换
像素着色器则只输出一个浅紫色

3.2

所需要的的全局变量：

ID3D11VertexShader*     g_pVertexShader = NULL;     //顶点着色器
ID3D11PixelShader*      g_pPixelShader = NULL;     //像素着色器
ID3D11InputLayout*      g_pVertexLayout = NULL;        //顶点输入布局
ID3D11Buffer*           g_pVertexBuffer = NULL;        //顶点缓冲

顶点输入结构：（只有一个“位置”）

struct SimpleVertex
{XMFLOAT3 Pos;
};

设置视窗

D3D11_VIEWPORT vp;
vp.Width = (FLOAT)WindowWidth;
vp.Height = (FLOAT)WindowHeight;
vp.MinDepth = 0.0f;
vp.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
vp.TopLeftX = 0;
vp.TopLeftY = 0;
//光栅化阶段（Rasterize Stage）设置视窗
g_pImmediateContext->RSSetViewports(1, &vp);

创建顶点着色器

//编译顶点着色器
ID3DBlob* pVSBlob = NULL;
hr = D3DX11CompileFromFileA("TestShader.fx", NULL, NULL, "VS", "vs_4_0",0, 0, NULL, &pVSBlob, &pErrorBlob, NULL);
if (FAILED(hr))return hr;
//创建顶点着色器
hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateVertexShader(pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &g_pVertexShader);
if (FAILED(hr))
{pVSBlob->Release();return hr;
}

创建输入布局

//定义顶点输入布局（与SimpleVertex对应）
D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC layout[] =
{{ "POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },
};
//创建输入布局
hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateInputLayout(layout, ARRAYSIZE(layout), pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(),pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), &g_pVertexLayout);
pVSBlob->Release();
if (FAILED(hr))return hr;
//输入装配阶段（Input-Assembler Stage）设置输入布局
g_pImmediateContext->IASetInputLayout(g_pVertexLayout);

创建像素着色器

//编译像素着色器
ID3DBlob* pPSBlob = NULL;
hr = D3DX11CompileFromFileA("TestShader.fx", NULL, NULL, "PS", "ps_4_0", 0, 0, NULL, &pPSBlob, &pErrorBlob, NULL);
if (FAILED(hr))return hr;
//创建像素着色器
hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreatePixelShader(pPSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pPSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &g_pPixelShader);
pPSBlob->Release();
if (FAILED(hr))return hr;

创建顶点缓冲，只是个简单的三角形

//输入的顶点数据
SimpleVertex vertices[] =
{XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.5f),XMFLOAT3(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f),XMFLOAT3(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f),
};
//缓冲描述
D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bufferDescription;
ZeroMemory(&bufferDescription, sizeof(bufferDescription));
bufferDescription.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
bufferDescription.ByteWidth = sizeof(SimpleVertex) * 3;
bufferDescription.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
bufferDescription.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA InitData;
ZeroMemory(&InitData, sizeof(InitData));
InitData.pSysMem = vertices;
//创建顶点缓冲
hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bufferDescription, &InitData, &g_pVertexBuffer);
if (FAILED(hr))return hr;UINT stride = sizeof(SimpleVertex);
UINT offset = 0;
//输入装配阶段（Input-Assembler Stage）设置顶点缓冲
g_pImmediateContext->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &g_pVertexBuffer, &stride, &offset);//输入装配阶段（Input-Assembler Stage）设置拓扑结构
g_pImmediateContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);

3.3

改变Render函数，中间加上三段：

void Render()
{// 清理 back buffer float ClearColor[4] = { 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.6f, 1.0f }; //浅绿色g_pImmediateContext->ClearRenderTargetView(g_pRenderTargetView, ClearColor);// 渲染g_pImmediateContext->VSSetShader(g_pVertexShader, NULL, 0);g_pImmediateContext->PSSetShader(g_pPixelShader, NULL, 0);g_pImmediateContext->Draw(3, 0);// Present the information rendered to the back buffer to the front buffer (the screen)g_pSwapChain->Present(0, 0);
}

运行后：

完整代码

#include <windows.h>#include <d3d11.h>
#include <D3DX11.h>
#include <d3dcompiler.h>
#include <xnamath.h>HWND                    g_hWnd = NULL;
ID3D11Device*           g_pd3dDevice = NULL;
ID3D11DeviceContext*    g_pImmediateContext = NULL;
IDXGISwapChain*         g_pSwapChain = NULL;
ID3D11RenderTargetView* g_pRenderTargetView = NULL;
ID3D11VertexShader*     g_pVertexShader = NULL;        //顶点着色器
ID3D11PixelShader*      g_pPixelShader = NULL;     //像素着色器
ID3D11InputLayout*      g_pVertexLayout = NULL;        //顶点输入布局
ID3D11Buffer*           g_pVertexBuffer = NULL;        //顶点缓冲const int WindowWidth = 800;
const int WindowHeight = 600;//顶点输入数据
struct SimpleVertex
{XMFLOAT3 Pos;
};LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{switch (message){case WM_DESTROY:PostQuitMessage(0);break;default:return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);}return 0;
}HRESULT InitWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow)
{// Register classWNDCLASSEX wcex;wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;wcex.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;wcex.cbClsExtra = 0;wcex.cbWndExtra = 0;wcex.hInstance = hInstance;wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(hInstance, (LPCTSTR)"");wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW + 1);wcex.lpszMenuName = NULL;wcex.lpszClassName = "TestD3D11WindowClass";wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, (LPCTSTR)"");if (!RegisterClassEx(&wcex))return E_FAIL;// Create windowRECT rc = { 0, 0, WindowWidth, WindowHeight };AdjustWindowRect(&rc, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, FALSE);g_hWnd = CreateWindowA("TestD3D11WindowClass", "TestD3D11Window",WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, rc.right - rc.left, rc.bottom - rc.top, NULL, NULL, hInstance,NULL);if (!g_hWnd)return E_FAIL;ShowWindow(g_hWnd, nCmdShow);return S_OK;
}HRESULT InitD3D()
{HRESULT hr = S_OK;//所有考虑的FeatureLevelD3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevels[] ={D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0,};//所有考虑的驱动类型（越靠前越优先考虑）D3D_DRIVER_TYPE driverTypes[] ={D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_WARP,D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_REFERENCE,};//创建SwapChain的描述结构体DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapchainDescription;ZeroMemory(&swapchainDescription, sizeof(swapchainDescription));swapchainDescription.BufferCount = 1;swapchainDescription.BufferDesc.Width = WindowWidth;swapchainDescription.BufferDesc.Height = WindowHeight;swapchainDescription.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;swapchainDescription.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;swapchainDescription.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;swapchainDescription.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;swapchainDescription.OutputWindow = g_hWnd;swapchainDescription.SampleDesc.Count = 1;swapchainDescription.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;swapchainDescription.Windowed = TRUE;D3D_DRIVER_TYPE         outDriverType;  //最终决定的DriverTypeD3D_FEATURE_LEVEL       outFeatureLevel;//最终决定的FeatureLevel//按照驱动类型依次尝试创建Device和SwapChainfor (UINT driverTypeIndex = 0; driverTypeIndex < ARRAYSIZE(driverTypes); driverTypeIndex++){outDriverType = driverTypes[driverTypeIndex];hr = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, outDriverType, NULL, 0, featureLevels, ARRAYSIZE(featureLevels),D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapchainDescription, &g_pSwapChain, &g_pd3dDevice, &outFeatureLevel, &g_pImmediateContext);if (SUCCEEDED(hr))break;}if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//创建一个 render target viewID3D11Texture2D* pBackBuffer = NULL;hr = g_pSwapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (LPVOID*)&pBackBuffer);if (FAILED(hr))return hr;hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(pBackBuffer, NULL, &g_pRenderTargetView);pBackBuffer->Release();if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//输出合并阶段（Output-Merger Stage）设置RenderTargetg_pImmediateContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &g_pRenderTargetView, NULL);// 设置视窗D3D11_VIEWPORT vp;vp.Width = (FLOAT)WindowWidth;vp.Height = (FLOAT)WindowHeight;vp.MinDepth = 0.0f;vp.MaxDepth = 1.0f;vp.TopLeftX = 0;vp.TopLeftY = 0;//光栅化阶段（Rasterize Stage）设置视窗g_pImmediateContext->RSSetViewports(1, &vp);ID3DBlob* pErrorBlob;//编译顶点着色器ID3DBlob* pVSBlob = NULL;hr = D3DX11CompileFromFileA("TestShader.fx", NULL, NULL, "VS", "vs_4_0",0, 0, NULL, &pVSBlob, &pErrorBlob, NULL);if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//创建顶点着色器hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateVertexShader(pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &g_pVertexShader);if (FAILED(hr)){pVSBlob->Release();return hr;}//定义顶点输入布局（与SimpleVertex对应）D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC layout[] ={{ "POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },};//创建输入布局hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateInputLayout(layout, ARRAYSIZE(layout), pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(),pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), &g_pVertexLayout);pVSBlob->Release();if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//输入装配阶段（Input-Assembler Stage）设置输入布局g_pImmediateContext->IASetInputLayout(g_pVertexLayout);//编译像素着色器ID3DBlob* pPSBlob = NULL;hr = D3DX11CompileFromFileA("TestShader.fx", NULL, NULL, "PS", "ps_4_0", 0, 0, NULL, &pPSBlob, &pErrorBlob, NULL);if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//创建像素着色器hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreatePixelShader(pPSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pPSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &g_pPixelShader);pPSBlob->Release();if (FAILED(hr))return hr;//输入的顶点数据SimpleVertex vertices[] ={XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.5f),XMFLOAT3(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f),XMFLOAT3(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f),};//缓冲描述D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bufferDescription;ZeroMemory(&bufferDescription, sizeof(bufferDescription));bufferDescription.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;bufferDescription.ByteWidth = sizeof(SimpleVertex) * 3;bufferDescription.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;bufferDescription.CPUAccessFlags = 0;D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA InitData;ZeroMemory(&InitData, sizeof(InitData));InitData.pSysMem = vertices;//创建顶点缓冲hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bufferDescription, &InitData, &g_pVertexBuffer);if (FAILED(hr))return hr;UINT stride = sizeof(SimpleVertex);UINT offset = 0;//输入装配阶段（Input-Assembler Stage）设置顶点缓冲g_pImmediateContext->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &g_pVertexBuffer, &stride, &offset);//输入装配阶段（Input-Assembler Stage）设置拓扑结构g_pImmediateContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);return S_OK;
}void Render()
{// 清理 back buffer float ClearColor[4] = { 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.6f, 1.0f }; //浅绿色g_pImmediateContext->ClearRenderTargetView(g_pRenderTargetView, ClearColor);// 渲染g_pImmediateContext->VSSetShader(g_pVertexShader, NULL, 0);g_pImmediateContext->PSSetShader(g_pPixelShader, NULL, 0);g_pImmediateContext->Draw(3, 0);// Present the information rendered to the back buffer to the front buffer (the screen)g_pSwapChain->Present(0, 0);
}int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPWSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{InitWindow(hInstance, nCmdShow);InitD3D();MSG msg = { 0 };while (WM_QUIT != msg.message){if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)){TranslateMessage(&msg);DispatchMessage(&msg);}else{Render();}}return msg.wParam;
}

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创建一个最小的D3D11实例

实践