【手册】Linux User's Manual
2024-03-19 17:42:45
原文章地址：The Linux man-pages project
Linux User’s Manual(1) - user commands
NAME
intro - introduction to user commandsDESCRIPTION
Section 1 of the manual describes user commands and tools, forexample, file manipulation tools, shells, compilers, web browsers,file and image viewers and editors, and so on.NOTES
Linux is a flavor of UNIX, and as a first approximation all usercommands under UNIX work precisely the same under Linux (and FreeBSDand lots of other UNIX-like systems).Under Linux, there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where youcan point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done withoutfirst reading lots of documentation. The traditional UNIXenvironment is a CLI (command line interface), where you typecommands to tell the computer what to do. That is faster and morepowerful, but requires finding out what the commands are. Below abare minimum, to get started.LoginIn order to start working, you probably first have to open a sessionby giving your username and password. The program login(1) nowstarts a shell (command interpreter) for you. In case of a graphicallogin, you get a screen with menus or icons and a mouse click willstart a shell in a window. See also xterm(1).The shellOne types commands to the shell, the command interpreter. It is notbuilt-in, but is just a program and you can change your shell.Everybody has her own favorite one. The standard one is called sh.See also ash(1), bash(1), chsh(1), csh(1), dash(1), ksh(1), zsh(1).A session might go like:knuth login: aebPassword: ********$ dateTue Aug 6 23:50:44 CEST 2002$ calAugust 2002Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 30 31$ lsbin tel$ ls -ltotal 2drwxrwxr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin-rw-rw-r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel$ cat telmaja 0501-1136285peter 0136-7399214$ cp tel tel2$ ls -ltotal 3drwxr-xr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2$ mv tel tel1$ ls -ltotal 3drwxr-xr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel1-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2$ diff tel1 tel2$ rm tel1$ grep maja tel2maja 0501-1136285$Here typing Control-D ended the session.The $ here was the command prompt—it is the shell's way of indicatingthat it is ready for the next command. The prompt can be customizedin lots of ways, and one might include stuff like username, machinename, current directory, time, and so on. An assignment PS1="Whatnext, master? " would change the prompt as indicated.We see that there are commands date (that gives date and time), andcal (that gives a calendar).The command ls lists the contents of the current directory—it tellsyou what files you have. With a -l option it gives a long listing,that includes the owner and size and date of the file, and thepermissions people have for reading and/or changing the file. Forexample, the file "tel" here is 37 bytes long, owned by aeb and theowner can read and write it, others can only read it. Owner andpermissions can be changed by the commands chown and chmod.The command cat will show the contents of a file. (The name is from"concatenate and print": all files given as parameters areconcatenated and sent to "standard output" (see stdout(3)), here theterminal screen.)The command cp (from "copy") will copy a file.The command mv (from "move"), on the other hand, only renames it.The command diff lists the differences between two files. Here therewas no output because there were no differences.The command rm (from "remove") deletes the file, and be careful! itis gone. No wastepaper basket or anything. Deleted means lost.The command grep (from "g/re/p") finds occurrences of a string in oneor more files. Here it finds Maja's telephone number.Pathnames and the current directoryFiles live in a large tree, the file hierarchy. Each has a pathnamedescribing the path from the root of the tree (which is called /) tothe file. For example, such a full pathname might be /home/aeb/tel.Always using full pathnames would be inconvenient, and the name of afile in the current directory may be abbreviated by giving only thelast component. That is why /home/aeb/tel can be abbreviated to telwhen the current directory is /home/aeb.The command pwd prints the current directory.The command cd changes the current directory.Try alternatively cd and pwd commands and explore cd usage: "cd", "cd.", "cd ..", "cd /" and "cd ~".DirectoriesThe command mkdir makes a new directory.The command rmdir removes a directory if it is empty, and complainsotherwise.The command find (with a rather baroque syntax) will find files withgiven name or other properties. For example, "find . -name tel"would find the file tel starting in the present directory (which iscalled .). And "find / -name tel" would do the same, but starting atthe root of the tree. Large searches on a multi-GB disk will betime-consuming, and it may be better to use locate(1).Disks and filesystemsThe command mount will attach the filesystem found on some disk (orfloppy, or CDROM or so) to the big filesystem hierarchy. And umountdetaches it again. The command df will tell you how much of yourdisk is still free.ProcessesOn a UNIX system many user and system processes run simultaneously.The one you are talking to runs in the foreground, the others in thebackground. The command ps will show you which processes are activeand what numbers these processes have. The command kill allows youto get rid of them. Without option this is a friendly request:please go away. And "kill -9" followed by the number of the processis an immediate kill. Foreground processes can often be killed bytyping Control-C.Getting informationThere are thousands of commands, each with many options.Traditionally commands are documented on man pages, (like this one),so that the command "man kill" will document the use of the command"kill" (and "man man" document the command "man"). The program mansends the text through some pager, usually less. Hit the space barto get the next page, hit q to quit.In documentation it is customary to refer to man pages by giving thename and section number, as in man(1). Man pages are terse, andallow you to find quickly some forgotten detail. For newcomers anintroductory text with more examples and explanations is useful.A lot of GNU/FSF software is provided with info files. Type "infoinfo" for an introduction on the use of the program info.Special topics are often treated in HOWTOs. Look in/usr/share/doc/howto/en and use a browser if you find HTML filesthere.SEE ALSO
ash(1), bash(1), chsh(1), csh(1), dash(1), ksh(1), locate(1),login(1), man(1), xterm(1), zsh(1), wait(2), stdout(3), man-pages(7),standards(7)COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.11 of the Linux man-pages project. Adescription of the project, information about reporting bugs, and thelatest version of this page, can be found athttps://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.Linux 2015-07-23 INTRO(1)Linux User’s Manual(2) - system calls
NAME
intro - introduction to system callsDESCRIPTION
Section 2 of the manual describes the Linux system calls. A systemcall is an entry point into the Linux kernel. Usually, system callsare not invoked directly: instead, most system calls havecorresponding C library wrapper functions which perform the stepsrequired (e.g., trapping to kernel mode) in order to invoke thesystem call. Thus, making a system call looks the same as invoking anormal library function.In many cases, the C library wrapper function does nothing more than:* copying arguments and the unique system call number to theregisters where the kernel expects them;* trapping to kernel mode, at which point the kernel does the realwork of the system call;* setting errno if the system call returns an error number when thekernel returns the CPU to user mode.However, in a few cases, a wrapper function may do rather more thanthis, for example, performing some preprocessing of the argumentsbefore trapping to kernel mode, or postprocessing of values returnedby the system call. Where this is the case, the manual pages inSection 2 generally try to note the details of both the (usually GNU)C library API interface and the raw system call. Most commonly, themain DESCRIPTION will focus on the C library interface, anddifferences for the system call are covered in the NOTES section.For a list of the Linux system calls, see syscalls(2).RETURN VALUE
On error, most system calls return a negative error number (i.e., thenegated value of one of the constants described in errno(3)). The Clibrary wrapper hides this detail from the caller: when a system callreturns a negative value, the wrapper copies the absolute value intothe errno variable, and returns -1 as the return value of thewrapper.The value returned by a successful system call depends on the call.Many system calls return 0 on success, but some can return nonzerovalues from a successful call. The details are described in theindividual manual pages.In some cases, the programmer must define a feature test macro inorder to obtain the declaration of a system call from the header filespecified in the man page SYNOPSIS section. (Where required, thesefeature test macros must be defined before including any headerfiles.) In such cases, the required macro is described in the manpage. For further information on feature test macros, seefeature_test_macros(7).CONFORMING TO
Certain terms and abbreviations are used to indicate UNIX variantsand standards to which calls in this section conform. Seestandards(7).
NOTES
Calling directlyIn most cases, it is unnecessary to invoke a system call directly,but there are times when the Standard C library does not implement anice wrapper function for you. In this case, the programmer mustmanually invoke the system call using syscall(2). Historically, thiswas also possible using one of the _syscall macros described in_syscall(2).Authors and copyright conditionsLook at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) andcopyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page topage!
SEE ALSO
_syscall(2), syscall(2), syscalls(2), errno(3), intro(3),capabilities(7), credentials(7), feature_test_macros(7),mq_overview(7), path_resolution(7), pipe(7), pty(7), sem_overview(7),shm_overview(7), signal(7), socket(7), standards(7), svipc(7),symlink(7), time(7)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.11 of the Linux man-pages project. Adescription of the project, information about reporting bugs, and thelatest version of this page, can be found athttps://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.Linux 2014-02-20 INTRO(2)Linux User’s Manual(3) - library functions
NAME
intro - introduction to library functionsDESCRIPTION
Section 3 of the manual describes all library functions excluding thelibrary functions (system call wrappers) described in Section 2,which implement system calls.Many of the functions described in the section are part of theStandard C Library (libc). Some functions are part of otherlibraries (e.g., the math library, libm, or the real-time library,librt) in which case the manual page will indicate the linker optionneeded to link against the required library (e.g., -lm and -lrt,respectively, for the aforementioned libraries).In some cases, the programmer must define a feature test macro inorder to obtain the declaration of a function from the header filespecified in the man page SYNOPSIS section. (Where required, thesefeature test macros must be defined before including any headerfiles.) In such cases, the required macro is described in the manpage. For further information on feature test macros, seefeature_test_macros(7).
CONFORMING TO
Certain terms and abbreviations are used to indicate UNIX variantsand standards to which calls in this section conform. Seestandards(7).
NOTES
Authors and copyright conditionsLook at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) andcopyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page topage!
SEE ALSO
intro(2), errno(3), capabilities(7), credentials(7), environ(7),feature_test_macros(7), libc(7), math_error(7), path_resolution(7),pthreads(7), signal(7), standards(7)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.11 of the Linux man-pages project. Adescription of the project, information about reporting bugs, and thelatest version of this page, can be found athttps://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.Linux 2010-11-11 INTRO(3)Linux User’s Manual(4) - special files
NAME
intro - introduction to special filesDESCRIPTION
Section 4 of the manual describes special files (devices).
FILES
/dev/* — device files
NOTES
Authors and copyright conditionsLook at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) andcopyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page topage!
SEE ALSO
standards(7)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.11 of the Linux man-pages project. Adescription of the project, information about reporting bugs, and thelatest version of this page, can be found athttps://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.Linux 2007-10-23 INTRO(4)Linux User’s Manual(5) - file formats and filesystems
NAME
intro - introduction to file formats and filesystemsDESCRIPTION
Section 5 of the manual describes various file formats, as well asthe corresponding C structures, if any. In addition, there are anumber of pages that document various filesystems.
NOTES
Authors and copyright conditionsLook at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) andcopyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page topage!
SEE ALSO
standards(7)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.11 of the Linux man-pages project. Adescription of the project, information about reporting bugs, and thelatest version of this page, can be found athttps://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.Linux 2017-03-13 INTRO(5)Linux User’s Manual(6) - games
NAME
intro - introduction to gamesDESCRIPTION
Section 6 of the manual describes all the games and funny littleprograms available on the system.
NOTES
Authors and copyright conditionsLook at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) andcopyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page topage!
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.11 of the Linux man-pages project. Adescription of the project, information about reporting bugs, and thelatest version of this page, can be found athttps://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.Linux 2007-10-23 INTRO(6)Linux User’s Manual(7) - overview, conventions, and miscellany section
NAME
intro - introduction to overview, conventions, and miscellany sectionDESCRIPTION
Section 7 of the manual provides overviews on various topics, anddescribes conventions and protocols, character set standards, thestandard filesystem layout, and miscellaneous other things.
NOTES
Authors and copyright conditionsLook at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) andcopyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page topage!
SEE ALSO
standards(7)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.11 of the Linux man-pages project. Adescription of the project, information about reporting bugs, and thelatest version of this page, can be found athttps://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.Linux 2007-10-23 INTRO(7)Linux User’s Manual(8) - administration and privileged commands
NAME
intro - introduction to administration and privileged commandsDESCRIPTION
Section 8 of the manual describes commands which either can be or areused only by the superuser, like system-administration commands,daemons, and hardware-related commands.As with the commands described in Section 1, the commands describedin this section terminate with an exit status that indicates whetherthe command succeeded or failed. See intro(1) for more information.
NOTES
Authors and copyright conditionsLook at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) andcopyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page topage!
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.11 of the Linux man-pages project. Adescription of the project, information about reporting bugs, and thelatest version of this page, can be found athttps://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.Linux 2007-10-23 INTRO(8)【手册】Linux User's Manual相关推荐
- linux c 编程手册,Linux C/C++编程手册查阅方法
Linux Programmer's Manual & User Commands https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/ 搜索框输入epoll调用搜索引擎 ...
- linux系统man手册,Linux中man手册的使用
Linux中man手册的使用 --以CentOS6.8为例 本文旨在介绍在Linux中如何快速入手新命令,毕竟在Linux系统中,可以通过命令完成一切操作. 相关命令:help man whatis ...
- oracle数据磊导入数据,Oracle数据库备份与恢复操作手册(Linux).doc
Oracle数据库备份与恢复操作手册(Linux) 矣秧嗜卡丝之褥吐鸟萄锁直贪错充蓄率辙辐笑嘴沃槐范必丧蚀征妻聪颊作漠税舀纷边棚镀佑煮闲宠斗谩骋芯腿译伯茫菌昆剥诗伟巫氖瓮隅炙笋综捂袁置芥铲娘长伪颇锅畏 ...
- 致远 linux 视频,致远G6-V5集群部署参考手册-Linux版.pdf
致远G6-V5 集群部署参考手册-Linux 版 By Yang Fangchao 2016-08-17 20:12:03 Version ID:doc-g6-v570 前言 5 第一章 环境准备 6 ...
- Nexus6p手机刷KaliNetHunter详细操作手册-Linux
Nexus6p手机刷KaliNetHunter详细操作手册-Linux 作者:7号极客 博客:7号极客的博客_CSDN博客-IOT渗透测试领域博主 阶段一:准备工作 硬件准备: Nexus 6P手 ...
- php手册数组函数,PHP - Manual手册 - 函数参考 - Array 数组函数 - array_diff计算数组的差集...
PHP - Manual手册 - 函数参考 - Array 数组函数 - array_diff计算数组的差集 array_diff (PHP 4 >= 4.0.1, PHP 5) array_d ...
- manual 离线手册 韩顺平php_PHP - Manual: 手册的格式 (官方文档)
手册的格式 <PHP 参考手册>提供了多种不同格式的版本,它们可以分为两组:在线阅读版本和可下载打包版本. Note: 有些出版商可能已经出版了本手册的一些印刷版本.不推荐印刷版,因为 P ...
- Linux退出man命令手册,Linux中如何退出man命令
匿名用户 1级 2018-06-08 回答 1. 输入q,回车就退出: 2. 输入man man,会详细告诉你man手册的使用方法: man手册是学习linux中经常用到的东西 使用方法: 1. ma ...
- php完全手册下载_PHP: 序言 - Manual
作者与编辑 下列人员曾经或者目前正在为本手册添砖加瓦: Bill Abt, Jouni Ahto, Alexander Aulbach, Stig Bakken, George Peter Banya ...
- linux练习手册,Linux操作习题集（1）
動動手實作題:假設你不知道你的主機內部的各項元件資料,請拆開你的主機機殼,並將內部所有的元件拆開,並且依序列出: CPU的廠牌.型號.最高時脈: 主記憶體的容量.介面 (DDR/DDR II等): 顯 ...
最新文章
- 三列浮动中间列宽度自适应
- 用户态与内核态的区别
- locks java_java中Locks的使用
- 全球及中国抗痛风剂行业发展调研及投资可行性评估报告2021-2027年版
- ABAP选择屏幕权限控制
- 无法监控端口_zabbix 监控远程主机端口
- 肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)阻断剂治疗幼年型银屑病关节炎: 有效吗
- Appium python 定位元素
- 谷歌AI相机Clips今发售，“贴身摄影师”抓拍每一刻欢乐
- php小偷程序生成,php开发：php小偷程序实例代码
- ffmpeg可支持的编码器、解码器、封装格式、网络协议
- LVGL学习 lv_label
- 书城项目第三阶段及其源码
- 计算机改显存会有啥影响,显卡内存越大越好吗？显存对计算机速度（全文）的影响...
- iview构建基本html页面,写前端页面步骤----vue+iview
- sybase datediff mysql_Sybase中的日期时间函数_龙的天空
- android 上层设置 自动调节亮度
- 奋斗吧，程序员——第四十二章 会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼
- Docker Login 登录凭证安全存储
- 【171期】面试官：小伙汁，Spring是怎么解决循环依赖的呢？