Nginx的浏览器/服务器双向SSL证书认证配置

文章分类:操作系统 最近的项目中需要安全性控制，而我又懒得改动后台的程序代码，故而想在反向代理层加入SSL证书验证。

一直在用Nginx做反向代理，但是其SSL的配置只用过普通的服务端单向证书。在Google，百度狂搜一通之后，一无所获，依旧是那老三样，只有单向认证的示例。浏览器端双向认证的配置好像从没人写过。

无奈之下，只好从OpenSSL的客户端证书开始学起，一点一点啃，大段大段的E文让我这半瓶子醋看的头晕眼晕。最后在
http://it.toolbox.com/blogs/securitymonkey/howto-securing-a-website-with-client-ssl-certificates-11500
的提示下终于把这个证书搞定，来秀一个。

这需要一下几个步骤：
1) 安装openssl用来做证书认证
2) 创建一个CA根证书
3) 创建一个自签名的服务器证书
4) 设置Nginx
5) 创建客户端证书
6) 安装客户端证书到浏览器
7) Profit.

1)
这一步我是在ubuntu下直接apt-get装的openssl, 配置文件安装在/etc/ssl/openssl.cnf
修改openssl.cnf的以下几段
[ ca ]
default_ca = foo

Openssl将会寻找名称为foo的配置段

Java代码  

1. [ foo ]
2. dir = /etc/ssl/private
3. database = $dir/index.txt
4. serial = $dir/serial
5. private_key = $dir/ca.key
6. certificate = $dir/ca.crt
7. default_days = 3650
8. default_md = md5
9. new_certs_dir = $dir
10. policy = policy_match

[ foo ]
dir = /etc/ssl/private
database = $dir/index.txt
serial = $dir/serial
private_key = $dir/ca.key
certificate = $dir/ca.crt
default_days = 3650
default_md = md5
new_certs_dir = $dir
policy = policy_match

policy_match 我保持默认值没有改

Java代码  

1. [ policy_match ]
2. countryName = match
3. stateOrProvinceName = match
4. organizationName = match
5. organizationalUnitName = match
6. commonName = supplied
7. emailAddress = optional

[ policy_match ]
countryName = match
stateOrProvinceName = match
organizationName = match
organizationalUnitName = match
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional

默认签发有效期为10年，你可以自己设置一个合适的值

2)
创建一个新的CA根证书
下面的几个脚本我都放在/etc/ssl目录下

new_ca.sh:

Java代码  

1. #!/bin/sh
2. # Generate the key.
3. openssl genrsa -out private/ca.key
4. # Generate a certificate request.
5. openssl req -new -key private/ca.key -out private/ca.csr
6. # Self signing key is bad... this could work with a third party signed key... registeryfly has them on for $16 but I'm too cheap lazy to get one on a lark.
7. # I'm also not 100% sure if any old certificate will work or if you have to buy a special one that you can sign with. I could investigate further but since this
8. # service will never see the light of an unencrypted Internet see the cheap and lazy remark.
9. # So self sign our root key.
10. openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in private/ca.csr -signkey private/ca.key -out private/ca.crt
11. # Setup the first serial number for our keys... can be any 4 digit hex string... not sure if there are broader bounds but everything I've seen uses 4 digits.
12. echo FACE > private/serial
13. # Create the CA's key database.
14. touch private/index.txt
15. # Create a Certificate Revocation list for removing 'user certificates.'
16. openssl ca -gencrl -out /etc/ssl/private/ca.crl -crldays 7

#!/bin/sh
# Generate the key.
openssl genrsa -out private/ca.key
# Generate a certificate request.
openssl req -new -key private/ca.key -out private/ca.csr
# Self signing key is bad... this could work with a third party signed key... registeryfly has them on for $16 but I'm too cheap lazy to get one on a lark.
# I'm also not 100% sure if any old certificate will work or if you have to buy a special one that you can sign with. I could investigate further but since this
# service will never see the light of an unencrypted Internet see the cheap and lazy remark.
# So self sign our root key.
openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in private/ca.csr -signkey private/ca.key -out private/ca.crt
# Setup the first serial number for our keys... can be any 4 digit hex string... not sure if there are broader bounds but everything I've seen uses 4 digits.
echo FACE > private/serial
# Create the CA's key database.
touch private/index.txt
# Create a Certificate Revocation list for removing 'user certificates.'
openssl ca -gencrl -out /etc/ssl/private/ca.crl -crldays 7

执行 sh new_ca.sh 生成新的CA证书

3)
生成服务器证书的脚本

new_server.sh:

Java代码  

1. # Create us a key. Don't bother putting a password on it since you will need it to start apache. If you have a better work around I'd love to hear it.
2. openssl genrsa -out private/server.key
3. # Take our key and create a Certificate Signing Request for it.
4. openssl req -new -key private/server.key -out private/server.csr
5. # Sign this bastard key with our bastard CA key.
6. openssl ca -in private/server.csr -cert private/ca.crt -keyfile private/ca.key -out private/server.crt

# Create us a key. Don't bother putting a password on it since you will need it to start apache. If you have a better work around I'd love to hear it.
openssl genrsa -out private/server.key
# Take our key and create a Certificate Signing Request for it.
openssl req -new -key private/server.key -out private/server.csr
# Sign this bastard key with our bastard CA key.
openssl ca -in private/server.csr -cert private/ca.crt -keyfile private/ca.key -out private/server.crt

执行 sh new_server.sh 生成新服务器的证书

4)
最要命的一步，尝试多次后终于搞明白。
配置 nginx 的ssl支持

我的配置如下:

Java代码  

1. # HTTPS server
2. #
3. server {
4. listen   443;
5. server_name  localhost;

# HTTPS server
#
server {
listen   443;
server_name  localhost;

Java代码  

1. # 打开ssl
2. ssl  on;
3. # 上一步生成的服务器证书
4. ssl_certificate  /etc/ssl/private/server.crt;
5. # 服务器证书公钥
6. ssl_certificate_key  /etc/ssl/private/server.key;
7. # 客户端证书签名 也就是第二步生成的CA签名证书
8. ssl_client_certificate   /etc/ssl/private/ca.crt;
9. # ssl session 超时
10. ssl_session_timeout  5m;
11. # 打开SSL客户端校验 (双向证书检测)
12. ssl_verify_client on;
13. #ssl_protocols  SSLv2 SSLv3 TLSv1;
14. #ssl_ciphers  ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP;
15. ssl_prefer_server_ciphers   on;
16. location / {
17. root   /var/www/nginx-default;
18. index  index.html index.htm;
19. }

# 打开ssl
ssl  on;
# 上一步生成的服务器证书
ssl_certificate  /etc/ssl/private/server.crt;
# 服务器证书公钥
ssl_certificate_key  /etc/ssl/private/server.key;
# 客户端证书签名 也就是第二步生成的CA签名证书
ssl_client_certificate   /etc/ssl/private/ca.crt;
# ssl session 超时
ssl_session_timeout  5m;
# 打开SSL客户端校验 (双向证书检测)
ssl_verify_client on;
#ssl_protocols  SSLv2 SSLv3 TLSv1;
#ssl_ciphers  ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers   on;
location / {
root   /var/www/nginx-default;
index  index.html index.htm;
}

启动你的nginx ,等待客户连接

5)
现在来生成客户端证书

new_user.sh:

Java代码  

1. #!/bin/sh
2. # The base of where our SSL stuff lives.
3. base="/etc/ssl/private"
4. # Were we would like to store keys... in this case we take the username given to us and store everything there.
5. mkdir -p $base/users/$1/
6. # Let's create us a key for this user... yeah not sure why people want to use DES3 but at least let's make us a nice big key.
7. openssl genrsa -des3 -out $base/users/$1/$1.key 1024
8. # Create a Certificate Signing Request for said key.
9. openssl req -new -key $base/users/$1/$1.key -out $base/users/$1/$1.csr
10. # Sign the key with our CA's key and cert and create the user's certificate out of it.
11. openssl ca -in $base/users/$1/$1.csr -cert $base/ca.crt -keyfile $base/ca.key -out $base/users/$1/$1.crt
12. # This is the tricky bit... convert the certificate into a form that most browsers will understand PKCS12 to be specific.
13. # The export password is the password used for the browser to extract the bits it needs and insert the key into the user's keychain.
14. # Take the same precaution with the export password that would take with any other password based authentication scheme.
15. openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in $base/users/$1/$1.crt -inkey $base/users/$1/$1.key -out $base/users/$1/$1.p12

#!/bin/sh
# The base of where our SSL stuff lives.
base="/etc/ssl/private"
# Were we would like to store keys... in this case we take the username given to us and store everything there.
mkdir -p $base/users/$1/
# Let's create us a key for this user... yeah not sure why people want to use DES3 but at least let's make us a nice big key.
openssl genrsa -des3 -out $base/users/$1/$1.key 1024
# Create a Certificate Signing Request for said key.
openssl req -new -key $base/users/$1/$1.key -out $base/users/$1/$1.csr
# Sign the key with our CA's key and cert and create the user's certificate out of it.
openssl ca -in $base/users/$1/$1.csr -cert $base/ca.crt -keyfile $base/ca.key -out $base/users/$1/$1.crt
# This is the tricky bit... convert the certificate into a form that most browsers will understand PKCS12 to be specific.
# The export password is the password used for the browser to extract the bits it needs and insert the key into the user's keychain.
# Take the same precaution with the export password that would take with any other password based authentication scheme.
openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in $base/users/$1/$1.crt -inkey $base/users/$1/$1.key -out $base/users/$1/$1.p12

执行 sh new_user.sh yourname 来生成一个 yourname 的client证书
按照提示一步一步来，这里要注意的是客户证书的几个项目要和根证书匹配
也就是第一步时配置的:

Java代码  

1. countryName = match
2. stateOrProvinceName = match
3. organizationName = match
4. organizationalUnitName = match

countryName = match
stateOrProvinceName = match
organizationName = match
organizationalUnitName = match

不一致的话无法生成最后的客户证书

6)
发送上一步生成的 yourname.p12 到客户端。
IE下双击安装就可以导入。
FireFox安装 :
Go into preferences.
Advanced.
View Certificates.
Import.
Enter master password for FireFox (if you don't have one set one here otherwise stolen laptop = easy access).
Enter in the export password given to you by the dude who created your cert.
Hit OK like a mad man.

打开网站会弹出对话框来要求你选择使用哪个证书，选择刚才安装的证书。选择接受服务器证书。现在你可以正常访问服务器拉。如果没弄对的话就会出现400 Bad request certification的错误