一、QT5串口基础知识

1. pro文件与cpp文件

QT5自带QSerialPort这个类的，需要在pro文件中添加(不添加会报错)：

QT       += serialport

其他CPP需要引用该类

#include <QSerialPort>           //提供访问串口的功能
#include <QSerialPortInfo>    //提供系统中存在的串口的信息

2. 基本串口设置

//创建串口对象
QSerialPort serial;
//设置串口名称
serial.setPortName("COM3");
//设置波特率
serial.setBaudRate(QSerialPort::Baud9600);
//设置数据位
serial.setDataBits(QSerialPort::Data8);
//设置是否奇偶校验
serial.setParity(QSerialPort::NoParity);
//设置停止位
serial.setStopBits(QSerialPort::OneStop);
//设置是否流控制
serial.setFlowControl(QSerialPort::NoFlowControl);
//打开串口—可读可写地打开
serial.open(QIODevice::ReadWrite);
//关闭串口
serial->close();

如果对一些类或者成员不懂可以鼠标移上去按F1查看手册，按两次直接全屏。

3. 收发数据

读取数据：

QByteArray buffer = serial.readAll();//读取数据到缓冲数组中

发送数据：

serial->write(data);//将数据发送到串口

二、QT5串口实例

1. h文件

#ifndef MAINWINDOW_H
#define MAINWINDOW_H#include <QMainWindow>
#include <QImage>
#include <QLabel>
#include <QMenu>
#include <QMenuBar>
#include <QAction>
#include <QComboBox>
#include <QSpinBox>
#include <QToolBar>
#include <QFontComboBox>
#include <QToolButton>
#include <QStatusBar>
#include <QTextCharFormat>
#include <QDockWidget>
#include <QStackedWidget>
#include <QPushButton>
#include <QVBoxLayout>
#include <QButtonGroup>
#include <QGraphicsScene>
#include <QGraphicsView>
#include <QGraphicsEllipseItem>#include <QTableWidget>
#include <QtSerialPort/QSerialPort>
//#include <QtCharts/QXYSeries>#include "showwidget.h"
class MainWindow : public QMainWindow
{Q_OBJECTpublic:MainWindow(QWidget *parent = 0);~MainWindow();void createActions();    //创建动作void createMenus();      //创建菜单void createToolBars();   //创建工具栏void createStatusBars();  //创建状态栏void loadFile(QString filename);   //??void mergeFormat(QTextCharFormat);  //??void setvariables();  //设置调试参数void startDeviceDiscovery();void deviceDiscovered();void bluetooth();void statusOfAll();
private://基本布局QGraphicsScene *scene;QStackedWidget *Stack1;QMenu *fileMenu;QMenu *zoomMenu;QImage img;QString filename;ShowWidget *showWidget;//文件菜单栏QAction *OpenFileAction;QAction *NewFileAction;QAction *ExitAction;//编辑菜单栏QAction *CopyAction;QAction *CutAction;QAction *PasteAction;QAction *AboutAction;QAction *ZoomInAction;QAction *ZoomOutAction;QAction *UndoAction;QAction *RedoAction;//工具栏QToolBar *Tool;QToolBar *DoToolBar;//状态栏QStatusBar *Status;//停靠窗口1，显示蓝牙连接状态QLabel *BlueToothLabel;QComboBox *BlueToothPortComboBox;QPushButton *ConnectBtn;QPushButton *BreakBtn;QPushButton *Stop1Btn;QSerialPort *CurrentPort;QLabel *BaudRateLabel;QComboBox *BaudRateComBox;QLabel *DateRateLabel;QComboBox *DateRateComBox;QLabel *ParityLabel;QComboBox *ParityComBox;QLabel *StopBitsLabel;QComboBox *StopBitsComBox;//停靠窗口2，各种参数调整模块QLabel *InitELabel;QLabel *FinalELabel;QLabel *ScanRateLabel;QLabel *ScanningDirectionLabel;QLabel *GainLabel;QLabel *SampleIntervalLabel;QLabel *QuietTimeLabel;QLineEdit *InitELineEdit;QLineEdit *FinalELineEdit;QLineEdit *ScanRateLineEdit;QComboBox *ScanningDirectionComboBox;QLineEdit *GainLineEdit;QLineEdit *SampleIntervalLineEdit;QLineEdit *QuietTimeLineEdit;QPushButton *SendBtn;QPushButton *StartBtn;QPushButton *PauseBtn;QPushButton *Stop2Btn;QButtonGroup *Dock2Group;QTextEdit *StatusOfBT;//停靠窗口3，3个显示窗口，状态/接受/发送QTextEdit *StatusOfDock3;QTextEdit *SendInfo;QTextEdit *ReceiveInfo;protected slots:void showNewFile();void showZoomIn();void showZoomOut();void startPainting();void stopPainting();
private slots:void on_clearButton_clicked();void on_sendButtton_clicked();void on_connectButton_clicked();void on_breakButton_clicked();void Read_Data();
};#endif // MAINWINDOW_H

2. cpp文件

#include "mainwindow.h"
#include <QTextEdit>
#include <QDockWidget>
#include <QLineEdit>
#include <QPushButton>
#include <QLabel>
#include <QLayout>
#include <QGridLayout>
#include <QtGui>
#include <QLabel>
#include <QFileDialog>
#include <QAction>
#include <QDebug>
#include <QtSerialPort/QSerialPort>
#include <QtSerialPort/QSerialPortInfo>
#include <QMessageBox>
#include <QTimer>
void MainWindow::createActions()
{OpenFileAction = new QAction(QIcon("Open.png"),tr("Open"),this);OpenFileAction->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+O"));OpenFileAction->setStatusTip(tr("Open one file"));connect(OpenFileAction,&QAction::triggered,[=] (){QString path = QFileDialog::getOpenFileName(this,"open","../","souce(*.cpp *.h);;Text(*.txt);;All(*.*)");});NewFileAction = new QAction(QIcon("Open.png"),tr("New"),this);NewFileAction->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+N"));NewFileAction->setStatusTip(tr("Build one new file"));connect(NewFileAction,SIGNAL(triggered()),this,SLOT(showNewFile()));ExitAction = new QAction(QIcon("Open.png"),tr("Exit"),this);ExitAction->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+N"));ExitAction->setStatusTip(tr("Exit"));CopyAction = new QAction(QIcon("Open.png"),tr("Copy"),this);CopyAction->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+Q"));CopyAction->setStatusTip(tr("Exit"));//connect(CopyAction,SIGNAL(triggered()),showWidget->text,SLOT(copy()));CutAction = new QAction(QIcon("Open.png"),tr("Cut"),this);CutAction->setShortcut(tr("Crtl+C"));//connect(CutAction,SIGNAL(triggered()),showWidget->text,SLOT(cut()));PasteAction = new QAction(QIcon("Open.png"),tr("Paste"),this);PasteAction->setShortcut(tr("Ctrl+V"));//connect(PasteAction,SIGNAL(triggered()),showWidget->text,SLOT(paste()));ZoomInAction = new QAction(QIcon("Open.png"),tr("ZoomIn"),this);connect(ZoomInAction,SIGNAL(triggered()),this,SLOT(showZoomIn()));ZoomOutAction = new QAction(QIcon("Open.png"),tr("ZoomOut"),this);connect(ZoomOutAction,SIGNAL(triggered()),this,SLOT(showZoomOut()));//图标未设置，均采用open.png}
void MainWindow::createMenus()
{fileMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("File"));fileMenu->addAction(OpenFileAction);fileMenu->addAction(NewFileAction);fileMenu->addSeparator();fileMenu->addAction(ExitAction);}
void MainWindow::createToolBars()
{Tool = addToolBar("Tool");Tool->addAction(CopyAction);Tool->addAction(CutAction);Tool->addAction(PasteAction);Tool->addAction(ZoomInAction);Tool->addAction(ZoomOutAction);Tool->setAllowedAreas(Qt::TopToolBarArea);}
void MainWindow::createStatusBars()//状态栏，最下面一行，显示状态
{Status = statusBar();Status->addWidget(new QLabel("2",this));}void MainWindow::showNewFile()//新建文件，这里需要修改
{MainWindow *newFile = new MainWindow;newFile->show();
}
void MainWindow::showZoomIn()//下面这两个要修改，能够将实时图像放大或者缩小
{}
void MainWindow::showZoomOut()//
{}
void MainWindow::bluetooth()//蓝牙模块
{QDockWidget *dock1 = new QDockWidget(tr("DockWindow1"));dock1->setFeatures(QDockWidget::DockWidgetMovable|QDockWidget::DockWidgetFloatable); //窗口可移动dock1->setAllowedAreas(Qt::LeftDockWidgetArea|Qt::RightDockWidgetArea);addDockWidget(Qt::RightDockWidgetArea,dock1);dock1->setStyleSheet("QPushButton{color:white;background-color:black}");//按钮样式设置BlueToothLabel = new QLabel(tr("Port name: "));ConnectBtn = new QPushButton("Connect");BreakBtn = new QPushButton(tr("Break"));Stop1Btn = new QPushButton(tr("Stop"));BlueToothPortComboBox = new QComboBox;BaudRateLabel = new QLabel(tr("BaudRate: "));BaudRateComBox = new QComboBox;BaudRateComBox->addItem(tr("11520"));BaudRateComBox->addItem(tr("9600"));DateRateLabel = new QLabel(tr("DateRate: "));DateRateComBox = new QComboBox;DateRateComBox->addItem("5");DateRateComBox->addItem("6");DateRateComBox->addItem("7");DateRateComBox->addItem("8");DateRateComBox->setCurrentIndex(3);//设置下拉选择默认为第4个ParityLabel = new QLabel("Parity");ParityComBox = new QComboBox;ParityComBox->addItem("On");ParityComBox->addItem("Off");ParityComBox->setCurrentIndex(1);StopBitsLabel = new QLabel("StopBits: ");StopBitsComBox = new QComboBox;StopBitsComBox->addItem("1");StopBitsComBox->addItem("2");// QTextEdit *StatusOfBT = new QTextEdit;//进行布局，先横向再纵向QHBoxLayout *Dock1Layout1 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock1Layout1->addWidget(BlueToothLabel);Dock1Layout1->addWidget(BlueToothPortComboBox);QHBoxLayout *Dock1Layout2 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock1Layout2->addWidget(BaudRateLabel);Dock1Layout2->addWidget(BaudRateComBox);QHBoxLayout *Dock1Layout3 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock1Layout3->addWidget(DateRateLabel);Dock1Layout3->addWidget(DateRateComBox);QHBoxLayout *Dock1Layout4 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock1Layout4->addWidget(ParityLabel);Dock1Layout4->addWidget(ParityComBox);QHBoxLayout *Dock1Layout5 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock1Layout5->addWidget(StopBitsLabel);Dock1Layout5->addWidget(StopBitsComBox);QHBoxLayout *Dock1Layout6 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock1Layout6->addWidget(ConnectBtn);//点击后就开始寻找设备进行连接Dock1Layout6->addWidget(BreakBtn);//点击后断开串口连接//   Dock1Layout6->addWidget(Stop1Btn);//暂时未用到QVBoxLayout *Dock1Layout = new QVBoxLayout();Dock1Layout->setAlignment(Qt::AlignCenter);Dock1Layout->addLayout(Dock1Layout1);Dock1Layout->addLayout(Dock1Layout2);Dock1Layout->addLayout(Dock1Layout3);Dock1Layout->addLayout(Dock1Layout4);Dock1Layout->addLayout(Dock1Layout5);Dock1Layout->addLayout(Dock1Layout6);QWidget *Dock1Widget = new QWidget();Dock1Widget->setLayout(Dock1Layout);dock1->setWidget(Dock1Widget);ConnectBtn->setMinimumWidth(70);BreakBtn->setMaximumWidth(50);Stop1Btn ->setMaximumWidth(50);//搜索串口，并添加到选项上供使用者选择foreach(const QSerialPortInfo &Info,QSerialPortInfo ::availablePorts()){QSerialPort CurrentPort;CurrentPort.setPort(Info);if(CurrentPort.open(QIODevice::ReadWrite)){BlueToothPortComboBox->addItem(CurrentPort.portName());//插入串口的名字CurrentPort.close();   //先开再关，把串口名称先导入}}connect(ConnectBtn, SIGNAL(clicked()),this,SLOT(on_connectButton_clicked()));connect(BreakBtn, SIGNAL(clicked()),this,SLOT(on_breakButton_clicked()));}void MainWindow::on_clearButton_clicked()//清空发送与接收窗口信息
{SendInfo->clear();ReceiveInfo->clear();
}void MainWindow::on_sendButtton_clicked()//发送数据
{QByteArray SendBytes = SendInfo->toPlainText().toLatin1();//toPlainText(将文本编辑的文本转换为纯文本)if(SendBytes.isEmpty())//判断发送数据是否为空{StatusOfDock3->append("No message can be sent, Please write something");}CurrentPort->write(SendBytes);
}void MainWindow::Read_Data()//读取接收到的数据
{QByteArray buf;buf = CurrentPort->readAll();//Qbytearray类提供一个字节数组,buf这里应该是缓冲数据的功能if(!buf.isEmpty()){QString str = this->ReceiveInfo->toPlainText().toUtf8();str += tr(buf);//???ReceiveInfo->clear();ReceiveInfo->append(str);}buf.clear();
}void MainWindow::on_connectButton_clicked()
{CurrentPort = new QSerialPort;CurrentPort->setPortName(BlueToothPortComboBox->currentText());//设置串口名//设置波特率switch (BaudRateComBox->currentIndex()){case 0: StatusOfDock3->append("Baud:115200");CurrentPort->setBaudRate(QSerialPort::Baud115200,QSerialPort::AllDirections); break;case 1: StatusOfDock3->append("Baud:9600");CurrentPort->setBaudRate(QSerialPort::Baud9600,QSerialPort::AllDirections); break;default: break;}//设置数据位数switch(DateRateComBox->currentIndex()){case 0: StatusOfDock3->append("Data:5");CurrentPort->setDataBits(QSerialPort::Data5); break;case 1: StatusOfDock3->append("Data:6");CurrentPort->setDataBits(QSerialPort::Data6); break;case 2: StatusOfDock3->append("Data:7");CurrentPort->setDataBits(QSerialPort::Data7); break;case 3: StatusOfDock3->append("Data:8");CurrentPort->setDataBits(QSerialPort::Data8); break;default: break;}//设置奇偶校验switch(ParityComBox->currentIndex()){case 1:StatusOfDock3->append("Parity: off");CurrentPort->setParity(QSerialPort::NoParity); break;default: break;}switch(StopBitsComBox->currentIndex())   //设置停止位{case 0: StatusOfDock3->append("StopBits:1");CurrentPort->setStopBits(QSerialPort::OneStop); break;case 1: StatusOfDock3->append("StopBits:2");CurrentPort->setStopBits(QSerialPort::TwoStop); break;default: break;}CurrentPort->setFlowControl(QSerialPort::NoFlowControl);  //设置流控制CurrentPort->open(QIODevice::ReadWrite);//打开串口if(CurrentPort->isOpen()){StatusOfDock3->append("Succeesfully open the Port ");//关闭设置菜单使能BlueToothPortComboBox->setEnabled(false);BaudRateComBox->setEnabled(false);DateRateComBox->setEnabled(false);ParityComBox->setEnabled(false);StopBitsComBox->setEnabled(false);ConnectBtn->setEnabled(false);BreakBtn->setEnabled(true);SendBtn->setEnabled(true);}else{StatusOfDock3->append("Defeatly open the port");}//连接信号槽QObject::connect(CurrentPort, &QSerialPort::readyRead, this, &MainWindow::Read_Data);}
void MainWindow::on_breakButton_clicked()
{//关闭串口CurrentPort->clear();CurrentPort->close();CurrentPort->deleteLater();StatusOfDock3->append("Serial connection has been disconnected");//恢复设置使能BlueToothPortComboBox->setEnabled(true);BaudRateComBox->setEnabled(true);DateRateComBox->setEnabled(true);ParityComBox->setEnabled(true);StopBitsComBox->setEnabled(true);ConnectBtn->setEnabled(true);BreakBtn->setEnabled(false);SendBtn->setEnabled(false);
}
void MainWindow::startPainting()
{}
void MainWindow::stopPainting()
{}
void MainWindow::setvariables()
{//停靠窗口2，调整各种变量QDockWidget *dock2 = new QDockWidget(tr("DockWindow2"));dock2->setFeatures(QDockWidget::DockWidgetMovable|QDockWidget::DockWidgetFloatable); //窗口可移动dock2->setAllowedAreas(Qt::LeftDockWidgetArea|Qt::RightDockWidgetArea);//dock2->setStyleSheet("QPushButtonl{color:white;background-color:black}");//设置按钮/标签等颜色   color\background-color//空白margain/边框border/填充padding/内容contentaddDockWidget(Qt::RightDockWidgetArea,dock2);//设置各个Widget，进行填充InitELabel = new QLabel(tr("Init E(V): "));InitELineEdit = new QLineEdit;FinalELabel = new QLabel(tr("Final E(V): "));FinalELineEdit = new QLineEdit;ScanRateLabel = new QLabel(tr("Scan Rate (mV/s): "));ScanRateLineEdit = new QLineEdit;ScanningDirectionLabel = new QLabel(tr("Scanning direction: "));ScanningDirectionComboBox = new QComboBox;ScanningDirectionComboBox->addItem(tr("Positive"));ScanningDirectionComboBox->addItem(tr("Negative"));GainLabel = new QLabel(tr("Gain : "));GainLineEdit = new QLineEdit;SampleIntervalLabel = new QLabel(tr("Sample Interval (mv): "));SampleIntervalLineEdit = new QLineEdit;QuietTimeLabel = new QLabel(tr("Quiet Time: "));QuietTimeLineEdit = new QLineEdit;SendBtn = new QPushButton(tr("Send"));StartBtn = new QPushButton(tr("Start"));PauseBtn = new QPushButton(tr("Pause"));Stop2Btn = new QPushButton(tr("Stop"));dock2->setStyleSheet("QPushButton{color:white;background-color:black}");//设置按钮样式StartBtn->setMaximumWidth(50);PauseBtn->setMaximumWidth(50);Stop2Btn ->setMaximumWidth(50);//设置完各个控件进行布局，先水平布局再垂直布局QHBoxLayout *Dock2Layout1 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock2Layout1->addWidget(InitELabel);Dock2Layout1->addWidget(InitELineEdit);QHBoxLayout *Dock2Layout2 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock2Layout2->addWidget(FinalELabel);Dock2Layout2->addWidget(FinalELineEdit);QHBoxLayout *Dock2Layout3 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock2Layout3->addWidget(ScanRateLabel);Dock2Layout3->addWidget(ScanRateLineEdit);QHBoxLayout *Dock2Layout4 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock2Layout4->addWidget(ScanningDirectionLabel);Dock2Layout4->addWidget(ScanningDirectionComboBox);QHBoxLayout *Dock2Layout5 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock2Layout5->addWidget(GainLabel);Dock2Layout5->addWidget(GainLineEdit);QHBoxLayout *Dock2Layout6 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock2Layout6->addWidget(SampleIntervalLabel);Dock2Layout6->addWidget(SampleIntervalLineEdit);QHBoxLayout *Dock2Layout7 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock2Layout7->addWidget(QuietTimeLabel);Dock2Layout7->addWidget(QuietTimeLineEdit);QHBoxLayout *Dock2Layout8 = new QHBoxLayout();Dock2Layout8->addWidget(SendBtn);Dock2Layout8->addWidget(StartBtn);Dock2Layout8->addWidget(PauseBtn);Dock2Layout8->addWidget(Stop2Btn);QVBoxLayout *Dock2Layout = new QVBoxLayout;Dock2Layout->setAlignment(Qt::AlignCenter);Dock2Layout->addLayout(Dock2Layout1);Dock2Layout->addLayout(Dock2Layout2);Dock2Layout->addLayout(Dock2Layout3);Dock2Layout->addLayout(Dock2Layout4);Dock2Layout->addLayout(Dock2Layout5);Dock2Layout->addLayout(Dock2Layout6);Dock2Layout->addLayout(Dock2Layout7);Dock2Layout->addLayout(Dock2Layout8);Dock2Layout->setSpacing(20);//设置间隙QWidget *Dock2Widget = new QWidget();Dock2Widget->setLayout(Dock2Layout);dock2->setWidget(Dock2Widget);connect(SendBtn,SIGNAL(clicked()),this,SLOT(on_sendButtton_clicked()));}
void MainWindow::statusOfAll()//最下面的窗口，显示图像的各个数据；暂时让收发数据显示在这里，到后面可隐藏掉
{//停靠窗口3，显示图像各种参数QDockWidget *dock3 = new QDockWidget(tr("DockWindow3"));dock3->setFeatures(QDockWidget::DockWidgetMovable|QDockWidget::DockWidgetFloatable); //窗口可移动dock3->setAllowedAreas(Qt::BottomDockWidgetArea);addDockWidget(Qt::BottomDockWidgetArea,dock3);dock3->setMinimumSize(1500,100);QHBoxLayout *Dock3Layout = new QHBoxLayout;StatusOfDock3 = new QTextEdit;StatusOfDock3->setMinimumSize(300,200);SendInfo = new QTextEdit;ReceiveInfo = new QTextEdit;Dock3Layout->addWidget(StatusOfDock3);Dock3Layout->addWidget(SendInfo);Dock3Layout->addWidget(ReceiveInfo);QWidget *Dock3Widget = new QWidget();Dock3Widget->setLayout(Dock3Layout);dock3->setWidget(Dock3Widget);}
MainWindow::MainWindow(QWidget *parent): QMainWindow(parent)
{setWindowTitle(tr("V1.0"));//窗体标题//主窗口设计scene = new QGraphicsScene;scene->setSceneRect(-200,-200,400,400);//initScene();QGraphicsView *view = new QGraphicsView;view->setScene(scene);view->setMinimumSize(800,600);setCentralWidget(view);resize(1000,800);//创建动作、菜单、工具栏的函数createActions();createMenus();createToolBars();createStatusBars();//蓝牙、参数设置、状态显示bluetooth();setvariables();statusOfAll();//创建坐标轴}MainWindow::~MainWindow()
{}

3. 实例结果

三、QT5串口注意点

虚拟串口下载：https://download.csdn.net/download/qq_41429220/11383961
串口助手下载：https://download.csdn.net/download/qq_41429220/11383925
本实例源文件下载：https://download.csdn.net/download/qq_41429220/11383958

运行程序后实现收发数据，电脑端可以直接进行模拟，虚拟串口出来。用COM1实现发送，再用串口助手将COM2打开，两者之间可以成功实现通信。

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