python爬虫之请求（url）构造 —— 寻找参数来源以及中文编码
2024-05-19 01:35:17
1. 环境
- 系统：win7
- python：3.6.1
- IDE：pycharm
- 平台：scrapy
2. 目标
按照下图中的下拉列表，构造搜索链接：
在“All”类目下，搜索关键字“phone mount”，请求连接为：
https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=phone+mount在“Cell Phones & Accessories”类目下，搜索关键字“phone mount”，请求连接为：
https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Dmobile&field-keywords=phone+mount&rh=n%3A2335752011%2Ck%3Aphone+mount在“Amazon Devices”类目下，搜索关键字“phone mount”，请求连接为：
https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Damazon-devices&field-keywords=phone+mount&rh=n%3A16333372011%2Ck%3Aphone+mount
3. 方案
3.1. 分析不同
- 第一步，对比这几个搜索的不同：
https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=phone+mount
https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Dmobile&field-keywords=phone+mount&rh=n%3A2335752011%2Ck%3Aphone+mount
https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Damazon-devices&field-keywords=phone+mount&rh=n%3A16333372011%2Ck%3Aphone+mount
- 发现关键点就在于 rh=n%3A16333372011%2Ck%3A ，排除掉经过url编码过的特殊字符之外，关键参数就是：2335752011， 16333372011
3.2. 寻找参数来源
- 这些参数【2335752011， 16333372011】肯定不可能是空穴来风，一定就藏在原始页面的源代码中。
- 拿到原始页面（refer页面）的源代码：
- 搜索这两个数字，找到如下这段代码：
<script type="text/javascript">window.$Nav && $Nav.when("data").run(function(data) { data({"shopAllContent":{"template":{"name":"itemList","data":{"items":[{"text":"Amazon Video","panelKey":"InstantVideoPanel"},{"text":"Amazon Music","panelKey":"DigitalMusicPanel"},{"text":"Appstore for Android","panelKey":"AndroidPanel"},{"text":"Echo & Alexa","panelKey":"KindleAmazonEchoPanel"},{"text":"Fire Tablets","panelKey":"KindleFireTabletPanel"},{"text":"Fire TV","panelKey":"FireTvPanel"},{"text":"Kindle E-readers & Books","panelKey":"KindleReaderPanel"},{"text":"Books & Audible","dividerBefore":"1","panelKey":"BooksPanel"},{"text":"Movies, Music & Games","panelKey":"MoviesMusicGamesPanel"},{"text":"Electronics, Computers & Office","panelKey":"ElectronicsComputersPanel"},{"text":"Home, Garden & Tools","panelKey":"HomeGardenToolsPanel"},{"text":"Food & Grocery","panelKey":"FoodGroceryPanel"},{"text":"Beauty & Health","panelKey":"BeautyHealthPanel"},{"text":"Toys, Kids & 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href='https://www.amazon.com/ap/register?_encoding=UTF8&openid.assoc_handle=usflex&openid.claimed_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fauth%2F2.0%2Fidentifier_select&openid.identity=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fauth%2F2.0%2Fidentifier_select&openid.mode=checkid_setup&openid.ns=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fauth%2F2.0&openid.ns.pape=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fextensions%2Fpape%2F1.0&openid.pape.max_auth_age=0&openid.return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fyourstore%2Fhome%3Fie%3DUTF8%26ref_%3Dnav_custrec_newcust' class='nav-a'>Start here.</a></div></div>"},"ElectronicsComputersPanel":{"promoID":"nav-sa-electronics-computers","template":{"name":"itemList","data":{"text":"Electronics, Computers & Office","items":[{"text":"Electronics","items":[{"text":"TV & Video","url":"/Televisions-Video/b/ref=nav_shopall_tv?ie=UTF8&node=1266092011"},{"text":"Home Audio & Theater","url":"/Home-Audio-Electronics/b/ref=nav_shopall_hat?ie=UTF8&node=667846011"},{"text":"Camera, Photo & 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","text":"Amazon Elements","url":"/Amazon-Elements/b/ref=nav_shopall_elements_baby?ie=UTF8&node=8514636011","dividerBefore":"1"}]},{"text":"Clothing & Shoes","dividerBefore":"1","items":[{"text":"For Girls","url":"/Girls-Fashion/b/ref=nav_shopall_toys_girls?ie=UTF8&node=7147442011"},{"text":"For Boys","url":"/Boys-Fashion/b/ref=nav_shopall_toys_boys?ie=UTF8&node=7147443011"},{"text":"For Baby","url":"/Baby-Clothing-Shoes/b/ref=nav_shopall_toys_baby?ie=UTF8&node=7147444011"}]}]}}},"templates":{"asin-promo":"<a href='<#=destination #>' class='nav_asin_promo'> <img src='<#=image #>' class='nav_asin_promo_img'/> <span class='nav_asin_promo_headline'><#=headline #></span> <span class='nav_asin_promo_info'> <span class='nav_asin_promo_title'><#=productTitle #></span> <span class='nav_asin_promo_title2'><#=productTitle2 #></span> <span class='nav_asin_promo_price'><#=price #></span> </span> <span class='nav_asin_promo_button nav-sprite'><#=button #></span></a>","discoveryPanelList":"<# var renderItems = function(items) { #> <span class='nav-dp-title nav-item'> Deliveries at a glance <div class='nav-divider-container'><div class='nav-divider'></div></div></span> <# jQuery.each(items, function (i, item) { #> <span class='nav-item'> <a href='<#=item.order_link#>' class='nav-dp-link'> <span class='nav-dp-left-column'> <img src='<#=item.image#>' class='nav-dp-image'/> </span> <span class='nav-dp-right-column'> <span class='nav-dp-text <#=item.status#>'> <#=item.status_text#> <br/> </span> <# if(item.secondary_status_text) { #> <span class='nav-dp-text-secondary <#=item.status#>'> <#=item.secondary_status_text#> </span> <# } #> </span> </a> <div class='nav-divider-container'><div class='nav-divider'></div></div> </span> <# }); #> <a href='/your-orders/ref=nav_dp_ayo' class='nav-dp-link-emphasis'> View all orders </a><# }; #><# renderItems(items); #>","itemList":"<# var hasColumns = (function () { var checkColumns = function (_items) { if (!_items) { return false; } for (var i=0; i<_items.length; i++) { if (_items[i].columnBreak || (_items[i].items && checkColumns(_items[i].items))) { return true; } } return false; }; return checkColumns(items);}()); #><# if(hasColumns) { #> <# if(items[0].image && items[0].image.src) { #> <div class='nav-column nav-column-first nav-column-image'> <# } else if (items[0].greeting) { #> <div class='nav-column nav-column-first nav-column-greeting'> <# } else { #> <div class='nav-column nav-column-first'> <# } #><# } #><# var renderItems = function(items) { #> <# jQuery.each(items, function (i, item) { #> <# if(hasColumns && item.columnBreak) { #> <# if(item.image && item.image.src) { #> </div><div class='nav-column nav-column-notfirst nav-column-break nav-column-image'> <# } else if (item.greeting) { #> </div><div class='nav-column nav-column-notfirst nav-column-break nav-column-greeting'> <# } else { #> </div><div class='nav-column nav-column-notfirst nav-column-break'> <# } #> <# } #> <# if(item.dividerBefore) { #> <div class='nav-divider'></div> <# } #> <# if(item.text || item.content) { #> <# if(item.url) { #> <a href='<#=item.url #>' class='nav-link <# } else {#> <span class=' <# } #> <# if(item.panelKey) { #> nav-hasPanel <# } #> <# if(item.items) { #> nav-title <# } #> <# if(item.decorate == 'carat') { #> nav-carat <# } #> <# if(item.decorate == 'nav-action-button') { #> nav-action-button <# } #> nav-item' <# if(item.extra) { #> <#=item.extra #> <# } #> <# if(item.id) { #> id='<#=item.id #>' <# } #> <# if(item.dataNavRole) { #> data-nav-role='<#=item.dataNavRole #>' <# } #> <# if(item.dataNavRef) { #> data-nav-ref='<#=item.dataNavRef #>' <# } #> <# if(item.panelKey) { #> data-nav-panelkey='<#=item.panelKey #>' role='navigation' aria-label='<#=item.text#>' <# } #> <# if(item.subtextKey) { #> data-nav-subtextkey='<#=item.subtextKey #>' <# } #> <# if(item.image && item.image.height > 16) { #> style='line-height:<#=item.image.height #>px;' <# } #> > <# if(item.decorate == 'carat') { #> <i class='nav-icon'></i> <# } #> <# if(item.image && item.image.src) { #> <img class='nav-image' src='<#=item.image.src #>' style='height:<#=item.image.height #>px; width:<#=item.image.width #>px;' /> <# } #> <# if(item.text) { #> <span class='nav-text<# if(item.classname) { #> <#=item.classname #><# } #>'><#=item.text#><# if(item.badgeText) { #> <span class='nav-badge'><#=item.badgeText#></span> <# } #></span> <# } else if (item.content) { #> <span class='nav-content'><# jQuery.each(item.content, function (j, cItem) { #><# if(cItem.url && cItem.text) { #><a href='<#=cItem.url #>' class='nav-a'><#=cItem.text #></a><# } else if (cItem.text) { #><#=cItem.text#><# } #><# }); #></span> <# } #> <# if(item.subtext) { #> <span class='nav-subtext'><#=item.subtext #></span> <# } #> <# if(item.url) { #> </a> <# } else {#> </span> <# } #> <# } #> <# if(item.image && item.image.src) { #> <# if(item.url) { #> <a href='<#=item.url #>'> <# } #> <img class='nav-image' <# if(item.id) { #> id='<#=item.id #>' <# } #> src='<#=item.image.src #>' <# if (item.alt) { #> alt='<#= item.alt #>'<# } #>/> <# if(item.url) { #> </a> <# } #> <# } #> <# if(item.items) { #> <div class='nav-panel'> <# renderItems(item.items); #> </div> <# } #> <# }); #><# }; #><# renderItems(items); #><# if(hasColumns) { #> </div><# } #>","notificationsList":"<div class='nav-item nav-title'> Notifications</div><# jQuery.each(items || [], function (i, item) { #> <div class='nav-item<# if (item.type) { #> nav-noti-list-<#= item.type #><# } #><# if (item.image && item.image.src) { #> nav-noti-list-with-image<# } #>'> <# if (item.dismissId) { #> <div class='nav-noti-list-x' data-noti-id='<#= item.dismissId #>'>×</div> <# } #> <# if (item.image && item.image.src) { #> <div class='nav-noti-list-image'> <img class='nav-noti-list-image-tag' src='<#= item.image.src #>' <# if (item.image.alt) { #> alt='<#= item.image.alt #>'<# } #> <# if (item.image.title) { #> title='<#= item.image.title #>'<# } #>/> </div> <# } #> <# if (item.heading) { #> <div class='nav-noti-list-heading'><#= item.heading #></div> <# } #> <# jQuery.each(item.content || [], function (j, itemContent) { #> <# if (itemContent.url) { #> <a href='<#= itemContent.url #>' class='nav-noti-list-content'> <# } else { #> <div class='nav-noti-list-content'> <# } #> <# if (itemContent.text) { #> <span class='nav-noti-list-text'><#= itemContent.text #></span> <# } #> <# if (itemContent.subtext) { #> <span class='nav-noti-list-subtext'><#= itemContent.subtext #></span> <# } #> <# if (itemContent.url) { #> </a> <# } else { #> </div> <# } #> <# }); #> </div><# }); #>","discoveryPanelSummary":" <span class='nav-dp-title nav-item'> Deliveries at a glance <div class='nav-divider-container'><div class='nav-divider'></div></div></span> <# jQuery.each(items || [], function (i, item) { #> <span class='nav-item'> <span class='nav-dp-left-column'> <img src='<#=item.image.url#>' class='nav-dp-image' height='<#=item.image.height#>'/> </span> <span class='nav-dp-right-column'> <#=item.status_text#> <div class='nav-dp-secondary-row'> <a href='/your-orders/ref=nav_dp_ryo' class='nav-dp-link-emphasis'> Sign in to view orders </a> </div> </span> </span> <# }); #>","htmlList":" <# jQuery.each(items, function (i, item) { #> <div class='nav-item'> <#=item #> </div> <# }); #>","subnav":"<# if (obj && obj.type === 'vertical') { #> <# jQuery.each(obj.rows, function (i, row) { #> <# if (row.flyoutElement === 'button') { #> <div class='nav_sv_fo_v_button' <# if (row.elementStyle) { #> style='<#= row.elementStyle #>' <# } #> > <a href='<#=row.url #>' class='nav-action-button nav-sprite'> <#=row.text #> </a> </div> <# } else if (row.flyoutElement === 'list' && row.list) { #> <# jQuery.each(row.list, function (j, list) { #> <div class='nav_sv_fo_v_column <#=(j === 0) ? 'nav_sv_fo_v_first' : '' #>'> <ul class='<#=list.elementClass #>'> <# jQuery.each(list.linkList, function (k, link) { #> <# if (k === 0) { link.elementClass += ' nav_sv_fo_v_first'; } #> <li class='<#=link.elementClass #>'> <# if (link.url) { #> <a href='<#=link.url #>' class='nav_a'><#=link.text #></a> <# } else { #> <span class='nav_sv_fo_v_span'><#=link.text #></span> <# } #> </li> <# }); #> </ul> </div> <# }); #> <# } else if (row.flyoutElement === 'link') { #> <# if (row.topSpacer) { #> <div class='nav_sv_fo_v_clear'></div> <# } #> <div class='<#=row.elementClass #>'> <a href='<#=row.url #>' class='nav_sv_fo_v_lmargin nav_a'> <#=row.text #> </a> </div> <# } #> <# }); #><# } else if (obj) { #> <div class='nav_sv_fo_scheduled'> <#= obj #> </div><# } #>","wishlist":"<# jQuery.each(wishlist, function (i, item) { #> <li class='nav_pop_li'> <a href='<#=item.url #>' class='nav_a'> <#=item.name #> </a> <div class='nav_tag'> <!-- TODO this logic should now be in dynamic-wish-list.mi --> <# if(typeof item.count !='undefined') { #> <#= (item.count == 1 ? '{count} item' : '{count} items') .replace('{count}', item.count) #> <# } #> </div> </li><# }); #>","cart":"<# jQuery.each(items, function (i, item) { #> <div class='nav-cart-item'> <a href='<#=item.url #>' class='nav-cart-item-link'> <img src='<#=item.img #>' class='nav-cart-item-image' /> <span class='nav-cart-item-title'><#=item.name #></span> <# if (item.weight) { #> <span class='nav-cart-item-weight' style='display:none;'> <#= 'Ship weight: {value} {unit}'.replace('{value}', item.weight.value).replace('{unit}', item.weight.unit) #> </span> <# } #> <# if (item.ourPrice) { #> <span class='nav-cart-item-buyingPrice'><#=item.ourPrice #></span> <# } #> <# if (item.scarcityMessage) { #> <span class='<#=item.scarcityClass #>'><#=item.scarcityMessage #></span> <# } #> <span class='nav-cart-item-quantity'> <#= 'Quantity: {count}'.replace('{count}', item.qty) #> </span> </a> </div> <# if (i%2==1) { #> <div class='nav-cart-item-break'></div> <# } #><# }); #><div class='nav-cart-item-break'></div>"}}); });
</script>
- 所以，我们发现参数就藏在网页源代码中的某个script标签中，某个项的node值……
3.3. 从源代码的script标签中提取数据
getScriptRes = response.xpath("//script/text()").extract()
if len(getScriptRes) > 0:# print(f"text = {response.text}")# print(f"getScriptRes = {getScriptRes}")searchClassDict = {}for scriptElem in getScriptRes:if scriptElem.find("shopAllContent") != -1:contentLst = re.findall('"text":"([a-zA-Z,&\s]+)","url":"[a-zA-Z\/\-=_]+\?ie=UTF8&node=(\d+)"}', scriptElem, re.M)for content in contentLst:print(f"content = {content}")searchClassDict[content[0]] = content[1]break
##### 输出结果
'''
content = ('TV & Video', '1266092011')
content = ('Home Audio & Theater', '667846011')
content = ('Camera, Photo & Video', '502394')
content = ('Cell Phones & Accessories', '2335752011')
content = ('Headphones', '172541')
content = ('Video Games', '468642')
content = ('Bluetooth & Wireless Speakers', '322215011')
content = ('Car Electronics', '1077068')
content = ('Musical Instruments', '11091801')
content = ('Wearable Technology', '9013937011')
content = ('Electronics Showcase', '172282')
content = ('Computers & Tablets', '13896617011')
content = ('Monitors', '1292115011')
content = ('Accessories', '172456')'''3.4. 利用参数构造请求
if searchClass != 'All':# https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Dmobile&field-keywords=phone+mount&rh=n%3A2335752011%2Ck%3Aphone+mountsearchUrl = f'https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Dmobile&field-keywords={quote(key)}&rh=n%3A{searchClassDict[searchClass]}%2Ck%3A{quote(key)}'
else:# https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=phone+mountsearchUrl = f'https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_2?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords={quote(key)}'# print(f"###### searchUrl = {searchUrl}")yield Request(url = searchUrl,meta = {'searchSrc': searchSrcElem, 'dont_redirect': True},callback = self.parseSearchResPage,errback = self.error)4. url中携带中文参数
- 以1688搜索关键字为例：
# 目标是构造请求：https://s.1688.com/selloffer/offer_search.htm?keywords=%B6%AF%C2%FE%D6%DC%B1%DF&n=y&spm=a260k.635.3262836.d102# scrapy下
unicornHeaders = {':authority': 's.1688.com','Referer': 'https://www.1688.com/',
}# python3 所有的字符串都是unicode，而url要求bytes类型
# 动漫周边 tobyte为：%B6%AF%C2%FE%D6%DC%B1%DF# 1688上是： formatStr = b'\xb6\xaf\xc2\xfe\xd6\xdc\xb1\xdf'
formatStr = "动漫周边".encode('gbk')
# 或者是使用utf-8进行编码，视网站的具体情况而定。 taobao用的就是utf-8
# formatStr = "动漫周边".encode('utf-8')print(f"formatStr = {formatStr}")
yield FormRequest(url = 'https://s.1688.com/selloffer/offer_search.htm',headers = unicornHeaders,# formdata中的参数必须是字符串或者bytes，不能是整数之类的formdata = {'keywords': formatStr, 'n': 'y', 'spm': 'a260k.635.1998096057.d1'},method = 'GET',meta={},callback = self.parseCategoryPage,errback = self.error, # 本项目中这里触发errback占绝大多数dont_filter = True, # 不允许跳转
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