前言

北邮数电实验三“接球小游戏”
数电实验验收已经结束了，实验报告也已经提交很久了，就把VHDL代码发到CSDN上分享一下，造福后来的学弟学妹，这也是我第一篇博客，以后也会分享一些单片机、PCB、FPGA之类的内容。
老师上学期没教状态机，自己也没自学这部分，所以用了多个模块然后接线，当时年级里传着一个大佬用状态机写的代码，看着很厉害，但是我感觉不好调试，就自己写了一份。

提示：代码仅供参考，请不要直接抄袭，看懂再用才是最好的，然后我的代码可能有问题，希望在评论里探讨呀

一、实验要求

基本要求：
1、设计实现一个基于 8×8 双色点阵的接球游戏，其中接球板采用红色 LED 显示，小球采用绿色 LED 显示。数码管 DISP0 显示游戏分数、DISP1、DISP2 显示游戏时间。
2、按下游戏开始键 BTN0 后，点阵显示 5 秒倒计时动画。动画结束后进入游戏界面。
3、游戏示意过程参考图 1 中从①→⑦的顺序所示。在点阵顶部第 7 行的位置随机出现一个小球，并按照相应的列垂直落下，下落速度为 0.5 秒/行。接球板采用 3 个红色LED 进行显示并可以通过 BTN1、BTN2 按键控制接球板左右移动（左右移动时接球板要在点阵上显示完整）。如果球落下时碰到板（即小球到达点阵第 1 行，同时正好在接球板 3 个 LED 范围内）则游戏加 1 分，否则不加分，然后在点阵顶部重新随机出现新的小球。
4、游戏时间为 30 秒倒计时提醒。当在游戏时间内计满 5 分时游戏结束，点阵显示胜利动画，蜂鸣器演奏胜利音效；如果在游戏时间内未到达 5 分，游戏显示失败画面，蜂鸣器演奏相应音效。
提高要求：
1、增加游戏音效，当小球碰到接球板时，蜂鸣器发声；
2、增加高级模式，当游戏达到 10 秒后，接球板变短（长度变为 2 个 LED）；
3、增加难度模式，该模式下，当小球从点阵顶部降落到第 5 行时，点阵顶部随机出现第二个小球；
4、小球降落速度多档可调；
5、自拟其他功能。创建的。

二、设计思路

一开始打算用状态机，一个实体写完，尝试过后发现太麻烦了，多个进程间的通信比较麻烦，也容易弄混，而且不好调试，就把点阵显示模块和模式选择模块用状态机的模板来写，把其他的功能分离开，将一个复杂的游戏机划分成多个简单模块的组合。模块间通过信号通信。
所有模块如下：
–1.M序列发生器 hwk7_02_M1
–2.分频器 hwk7_02_CLK_DIVISON
–3.防抖 hwk7_02_FD
–4.点阵显示 hwk7_02_POINTDISPLAY
–5.底板移动计数器 hwk7_02_movecount
–6.小球下落计数器 hwk7_02_fallpointcount
–7.模式选择切换控制器 hwk7_02_MODEL
–8.得分判断 hwk7_02_goal
–9.数码管显示 hwk7_02_goalSegmentDisplay
–10.蜂鸣器 hwk7_02_music
–0.顶层实体 game
其中有的模块可以利用上学期已有的代码，可以大大节约开发时间，也方便仿真和调试。
模块大体分为以下几类：输入→逻辑处理→输出。
输入为按键和时钟，以此延伸出按键防抖和分频器，因为小球的下落是随机的，所以还需要M序列发生器来产生随机信号。
逻辑处理主要是几个计数器和判断模块。模式选择器是用来调节各模块之间的同步问题，用不同的模式信号告诉一些需要切换状态的模块，你当前应该处于哪个状态。底板位置用一个三位的二进制信号x1表示，每隔一段就去扫描BTN1和BTN2组成的一个二维信号，10减一，01加一，其他不变。小球的位置用两个三位的二进制信号x0和y0表示，每隔一段时间y0+1,当y0到底时读取新的x0。得分判断就是当y0=7时，判断x0是否等于x1 | x1+1 | x1-1 即可，是的话就输出一个脉冲信号goal。
输出分三大块，点阵显示，蜂鸣器，数码管。里面点阵显示是最复杂的，大体逻辑如下图所示：

开机处于000状态，按下以后进入倒计时，然后游戏中，最后根据游戏结果显示胜利或者失败。蜂鸣器的输出先与goal做或运算，这样只要接到球就能输出一个声音，胜利或失败以后根据finial信号输出胜利或失败音效。数码管在close信号为1时，一直处于初始状态，当close为0时，开始倒计时，同时每输入一个脉冲goal，显示得分就+1。

三、设计系统框图

图中输入的speed[1]是接拨码开关，通过speed不同，控制小球下落速度不同，实现提高功能，速度可调。其它信号根据变量名都可以看出具体作用，这里就不一一解释了，详情可以看设计思路和源代码。

四、源代码

代码的注释挺多的，但有的地方为了加功能改了内容，没有改注释（因为懒：（，看的时候多看代码）：

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--题目 3 接球小游戏的设计与实现     by hwk
--基本要求：   基本功能全部完成
--1、 设计实现一个基于 8×8 双色点阵的接球游戏，其中接球板采用红色 LED 显示，小球采用绿色 LED 显示。
--    数码管 DISP0 显示游戏分数、DISP1、DISP2 显示游戏时间。
--2、 按下游戏开始键 BTN0 后，点阵显示 5 秒倒计时动画。动画结束后进入游戏界面。
--3、 游戏示意过程参考图 1 中从①→⑦的顺序所示。在点阵顶部第 7 行的位置随机出现一个小球，并按照相应的列垂直落下，下落速度为 0.5 秒/行
--    接球板采用 3 个红色LED 进行显示，并可以通过 BTN1、BTN2 按键控制接球板左右移动（左右移动时接球板要在点阵上显示完整）
--    如果球落下时碰到板（即小球到达点阵第 1 行，同时正好在接球板 3 个 --LED 范围内）则游戏加 1 分
--    否则不加分，然后在点阵顶部重新随机出现新的小球。
--4、 游戏时间为 30 秒倒计时提醒。当在游戏时间内计满 5 分时游戏结束，点阵显示胜利动画，蜂鸣器演奏胜利音效
--    如果在游戏时间内未到达 5 分，游戏显示失败画面，蜂鸣--器演奏相应音效。
--提高要求：
--1、增加游戏音效，当小球碰到接球板时，蜂鸣器发声；                                             √
--2、增加高级模式，当游戏达到 10 秒后，接球板变短（长度变为 2 个 LED）；                        X
--3、增加难度模式，该模式下，当小球从点阵顶部降落到第 5 行时，点阵顶部随机出现第二个小球；      X
--4、小球降落速度多档可调；                                                                     √    SW（1）    00——11速度依次升高， 10为变速下降
--5、自拟其他功能。                                                                             X
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--1.M序列发生器                   hwk7_02_M1
--2.分频器                        hwk7_02_CLK_DIVISON
--3.防抖                          hwk7_02_FD
--4.点阵显示                      hwk7_02_POINTDISPLAY
--5.底板移动计数器                hwk7_02_movecount
--6.小球下落计数器                hwk7_02_fallpointcount
--7.模式选择切换控制器            hwk7_02_MODEL
--8.得分判断                      hwk7_02_goal
--9.数码管显示                    hwk7_02_goalSegmentDisplay
--10.蜂鸣器                       hwk7_02_music
--0.顶层实体                      game
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--名称：M序列发生器  hwk7_02_M1                                                                      1
--功能： 产生随机序列
--输入：时钟信号clkin和复位信号clear
--输出：4位随机序列 m
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
----------------------------------------------
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
ENTITY hwk7_02_M1 IS             PORT(clkin:IN STD_LOGIC;clear:IN STD_LOGIC;m:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0));
END ;ARCHITECTURE a OF hwk7_02_M1 ISSIGNAL temp1:STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 downto 0);SIGNAL temp2:STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0);
BEGINPROCESS(clear,clkin)BEGINIF clear='1'  THEN temp2<="000";ELSIF(clkin'EVENT AND clkin='1')THENIF temp1="0000" THEN        temp1<="0001" ;ELSEtemp1(0)<=temp1(0) xor temp1(3);temp1(1)<=temp1(0);temp1(2)<=temp1(1);temp1(3)<=temp1(2);END IF;case temp1 iswhen "0000"=> temp2<="000";--  0when "0001"=> temp2<="001";--  1when "0010"=> temp2<="010";--  2when "0011"=> temp2<="011";--  3when "0100"=> temp2<="100";--  4when "0101"=> temp2<="101";--  5when "0110"=> temp2<="110";--  6                when "0111"=> temp2<="111";--  7                when "1000"=> temp2<="000";--  0when "1001"=> temp2<="001";--  1when "1010"=> temp2<="010";--  2when "1011"=> temp2<="011";--  3when "1100"=> temp2<="100";--  4when "1101"=> temp2<="101";--  5when "1110"=> temp2<="110";--  6                when "1111"=> temp2<="111";--  7                                            when others=> temp2<="111";end case;END IF;END PROCESS ;m<=temp2;
END a;----------------------------------------------
--名称：分频器                                                                                 2
--功能： 产生其它频率的时钟信号
--输入clkin   1MHz
--输出：clk_out_10Hz, clk_out_1Hz, clk_out_2Hz
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
----------------------------------------------
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
ENTITY hwk7_02_CLK_DIVISON IS             PORT(clkin:IN STD_LOGIC;clk_out_10Hz, clk_out_1Hz, clk_out_2Hz :OUT STD_LOGIC );
END ;ARCHITECTURE a OF hwk7_02_CLK_DIVISON IS
signal count_10Hz :integer range 0 to 2000000;
signal count_1Hz :integer range 0 to 1000000;
signal count_2Hz :integer range 0 to 500000;
BEGIN
p1:process(clkin)BEGINif rising_edge(clkin) thenif count_10Hz =100000 thencount_10Hz<=0;elsif count_1Hz = 1000000 thencount_1Hz<=0;elsif count_2Hz = 250000 thencount_2Hz<=0;elsecount_10Hz<=count_10Hz + 1;count_1Hz<=count_1Hz + 1;                                count_2Hz<=count_2Hz + 1;end if;end if;end process p1;
p2:process(count_10Hz,clkin)beginif rising_edge(clkin) thenif count_10Hz<50000 then clk_out_10Hz <= '0';else  clk_out_10Hz <= '1';end if;end if;
end process p2;
p3:process(count_1Hz,clkin)beginif rising_edge(clkin) thenif count_1Hz<500000 then clk_out_1Hz <= '0';else  clk_out_1Hz <= '1';end if;end if;
end process p3;
p4:process(count_2Hz,clkin)beginif rising_edge(clkin) thenif count_2Hz<125000 then clk_out_2Hz <= '0';else  clk_out_2Hz <= '1';end if;end if;
end process p4;
END a;----------------------------------------------
--名称：按键防抖                                                                              3
--功能：计数实现按键防抖，按下高电平
--输入：BTN0，BTN1,BTN2,clkin,goal       其中clkin为1Mhz,BTN接外部键盘，goal是内部模块间信号
--输出：FDBTN0，FDBTN1，FDBTN2，fdgoal
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
----------------------------------------------
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
ENTITY hwk7_02_FD IS             PORT(clkin , BTN0 , BTN1 ,BTN2, goal:IN STD_LOGIC;FDBTN0 , FDBTN1 ,FDBTN2,fdgoal:OUT STD_LOGIC );
END ;ARCHITECTURE a OF hwk7_02_FD IS
signal count_0 :integer range 0 to 10000;
signal count_1 :integer range 0 to 10000;
signal count_2 :integer range 0 to 10000;
signal count_3 :integer range 0 to 10000;
BEGIN
p1:process(clkin, BTN0)BEGINif BTN0 = '1' thenif rising_edge(clkin) thenif count_0 =10000 thencount_0<=count_0;else count_0<=count_0+1;end if;if count_0<10000 then FDBTN0 <= '0';else FDBTN0 <= '1';end if;end if;elsecount_0<=0;FDBTN0 <= '0';end if;end process p1;
p2:process(clkin, BTN1)BEGINif BTN1 = '1' thenif rising_edge(clkin) thenif count_1 =10000 thencount_1<=count_1;else count_1<=count_1+1;end if;if count_1<10000 then FDBTN1 <= '0';else FDBTN1 <= '1';end if;end if;elsecount_1<=0;FDBTN1 <= '0';end if;end process p2;p3:process(clkin, BTN2)BEGINif BTN2 = '1' thenif rising_edge(clkin) thenif count_2 =10000 thencount_2<=count_2;else count_2<=count_2+1;end if;if count_2<10000 then FDBTN2 <= '0';else FDBTN2 <= '1';end if;end if;elsecount_2<=0;FDBTN2 <= '0';end if;end process p3;p4:process(clkin, goal)BEGINif goal = '1' thenif rising_edge(clkin) thenif count_3 =10000 thencount_3<=count_3;else count_3<=count_3+1;end if;if count_3<10000 then fdgoal <= '0';else fdgoal <= '1';end if;end if;elsecount_3<=0;fdgoal <= '0';end if;end process p4;
END a;----------------------------------------------
--名称：点阵显示                                                                                4                                                                            4
--功能：模式选择000，实现倒计时动画001，胜利动画010，失败动画011，游戏动画100
--      model输入进某个状态，就先让model_out输出该状态以保持
--      该状态结束以后再用model_out输出下一状态
--输入：x0[2],y0[2],x1[2],model[2],clkin_1Hz,clkin(1M Hz)
--输出：col_red[7],col_green[7],row[7],model_out
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
----------------------------------------------
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
ENTITY hwk7_02_POINTDISPLAY IS             PORT(X0:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);Y0:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);X1:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);MODEL :IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);MODEL_out :out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);clkin: IN STD_LOGIC;clkin_1Hz: IN STD_LOGIC;col_red:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);col_green:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);row:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0));
END ;
ARCHITECTURE a OF hwk7_02_POINTDISPLAY ISsignal count_row :integer range 0 to 8;
signal time_count :integer range -1 to 5;beginp1:process(model,clkin_1Hz)               --5秒倒计时进程   beginif model ="001" thenif rising_edge(clkin_1Hz) thentime_count<=time_count-1;end if;elsetime_count<=5;end if;end process;p2:process(model,clkin)                   --点阵扫描进程        begin  if rising_edge(clkin) thencount_row<=count_row+1;if count_row = 8 thencount_row<=0;end if;end if;end process; p3:process(MODEL,clkin,clkin_1Hz,x0,y0,x1)  beginif MODEL ="000"   then                     -- 模式选择待完成，应在1处显示绿灯col_red<="00000000";col_green<="00000001";row<="11111110";end if;if MODEL ="001" then                     --开场5秒倒计时 状态001  结束后跳到状态100MODEL_out <="001";
case time_count is
when 0 =>        MODEL_out <="100";
when 1 =>        case count_row iswhen 0 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="01111111";when 1 =>   col_green<="00001000"; row<="10111111";when 2 =>   col_green<="00001000"; row<="11011111";when 3 =>   col_green<="00001000"; row<="11101111";when 4 =>   col_green<="00001000"; row<="11110111";when 5 =>   col_green<="00001000"; row<="11111011";when 6 =>   col_green<="00001000"; row<="11111101";when 7 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111110";    when others =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111111";        end case;
when 2 =>        case count_row iswhen 0 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="01111111";when 1 =>   col_green<="00111100"; row<="10111111";when 2 =>   col_green<="00100000"; row<="11011111";when 3 =>   col_green<="00111100"; row<="11101111";when 4 =>   col_green<="00000100"; row<="11110111";when 5 =>   col_green<="00111100"; row<="11111011";when 6 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111101";when 7 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111110";    when others =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111111";        end case;
when 3 =>        case count_row iswhen 0 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="01111111";when 1 =>   col_green<="00111100"; row<="10111111";when 2 =>   col_green<="00100000"; row<="11011111";when 3 =>   col_green<="00111100"; row<="11101111";when 4 =>   col_green<="00100000"; row<="11110111";when 5 =>   col_green<="00111100"; row<="11111011";when 6 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111101";when 7 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111110";    when others =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111111";        end case;
when 4 =>        case count_row iswhen 0 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="01111111";when 1 =>   col_green<="00001001"; row<="10111111";when 2 =>   col_green<="00001001"; row<="11011111";when 3 =>   col_green<="00111111"; row<="11101111";when 4 =>   col_green<="00001000"; row<="11110111";when 5 =>   col_green<="00001000"; row<="11111011";when 6 =>   col_green<="00001000"; row<="11111101";when 7 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111110";    when others =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111111";        end case;
when 5 =>           case count_row iswhen 0 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="01111111";when 1 =>   col_green<="00111100"; row<="10111111";when 2 =>   col_green<="00000100"; row<="11011111";when 3 =>   col_green<="00111100"; row<="11101111";when 4 =>   col_green<="00100000"; row<="11110111";when 5 =>   col_green<="00111100"; row<="11111011";when 6 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111101";when 7 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111110";     when others =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111111";        end case;
when others =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111111";
end case;         end if;  if MODEL ="010" then                     --胜利动画，绿色笑脸 状态010   MODEL_out <="010"; col_red<="00000000";
case count_row iswhen 0 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="01111111";when 1 =>   col_green<="01000010"; row<="10111111";when 2 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11011111";when 3 =>   col_green<="01000010"; row<="11101111";when 4 =>   col_green<="00100100"; row<="11110111";when 5 =>   col_green<="00011000"; row<="11111011";when 6 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111101";when 7 =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111110";     when others =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111111";        end case;   end if;      if MODEL ="011" then                     --失败动画，红色哭脸   状态011   MODEL_out <="011"; col_green<="00000000";
case count_row iswhen 0 =>   col_red<="00000000"; row<="01111111";when 1 =>   col_red<="01000010"; row<="10111111";when 2 =>   col_red<="00000000"; row<="11011111";when 3 =>   col_red<="00011000"; row<="11101111";when 4 =>   col_red<="00100100"; row<="11110111";when 5 =>   col_red<="01000010"; row<="11111011";when 6 =>   col_red<="00000000"; row<="11111101";when 7 =>   col_red<="00000000"; row<="11111110";     when others =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111111";        end case;end if;           if MODEL ="100" then                     --游戏中 状态100   结束以后跳到状态010或者011MODEL_out <="100"; CASE count_row ISwhen 0  =>   if y0 ="000" then CASE x0 IS when "000"=>  col_green<="10000000";when "001"=>  col_green<="01000000";    when "010"=>  col_green<="00100000";     when "011"=>  col_green<="00010000";     when "100"=>  col_green<="00001000";when "101"=>  col_green<="00000100";when "110"=>  col_green<="00000010";when "111"=>  col_green<="00000001";WHEN OTHERS =>col_green<="00000000";end case;row<="01111111";else row<="11111111";end if;when 1  =>   if y0 ="001" then CASE x0 IS when "000"=>  col_green<="10000000";when "001"=>  col_green<="01000000";    when "010"=>  col_green<="00100000";     when "011"=>  col_green<="00010000";     when "100"=>  col_green<="00001000";when "101"=>  col_green<="00000100";when "110"=>  col_green<="00000010";when "111"=>  col_green<="00000001";WHEN OTHERS =>col_green<="00000000";end case;row<="10111111";else row<="11111111";end if;when 2  =>   if y0 ="010" then CASE x0 IS when "000"=>  col_green<="10000000";when "001"=>  col_green<="01000000";    when "010"=>  col_green<="00100000";     when "011"=>  col_green<="00010000";     when "100"=>  col_green<="00001000";when "101"=>  col_green<="00000100";when "110"=>  col_green<="00000010";when "111"=>  col_green<="00000001";WHEN OTHERS =>col_green<="00000000";end case;row<="11011111";else row<="11111111";end if;                                     when 3  =>   if y0 ="011" then CASE x0 IS when "000"=>  col_green<="10000000";when "001"=>  col_green<="01000000";    when "010"=>  col_green<="00100000";     when "011"=>  col_green<="00010000";     when "100"=>  col_green<="00001000";when "101"=>  col_green<="00000100";when "110"=>  col_green<="00000010";when "111"=>  col_green<="00000001";WHEN OTHERS =>col_green<="00000000";end case;row<="11101111";else row<="11111111";end if;                  when 4  =>   if y0 ="100" then CASE x0 IS when "000"=>  col_green<="10000000";when "001"=>  col_green<="01000000";    when "010"=>  col_green<="00100000";     when "011"=>  col_green<="00010000";     when "100"=>  col_green<="00001000";when "101"=>  col_green<="00000100";when "110"=>  col_green<="00000010";when "111"=>  col_green<="00000001";WHEN OTHERS =>col_green<="00000000";end case;row<="11110111";else row<="11111111";end if;                             when 5  =>   if y0 ="101" then CASE x0 IS when "000"=>  col_green<="10000000";when "001"=>  col_green<="01000000";    when "010"=>  col_green<="00100000";     when "011"=>  col_green<="00010000";     when "100"=>  col_green<="00001000";when "101"=>  col_green<="00000100";when "110"=>  col_green<="00000010";when "111"=>  col_green<="00000001";WHEN OTHERS =>col_green<="00000000";end case;row<="11111011";else row<="11111111";end if;when 6  =>   if y0 ="110" then CASE x0 IS when "000"=>  col_green<="10000000";when "001"=>  col_green<="01000000";    when "010"=>  col_green<="00100000";     when "011"=>  col_green<="00010000";     when "100"=>  col_green<="00001000";when "101"=>  col_green<="00000100";when "110"=>  col_green<="00000010";when "111"=>  col_green<="00000001";WHEN OTHERS =>col_green<="00000000";end case;row<="11111101";else row<="11111111";end if;when 7  =>   col_green<="00000000"; row<="11111110";CASE x1 IS when "000"=>  col_red<="11100000";when "001"=>  col_red<="11100000";when "010"=>  col_red<="01110000";when "011"=>  col_red<="00111000";when "100"=>  col_red<="00011100";when "101"=>  col_red<="00001110";when "110"=>  col_red<="00000111";when "111"=>  col_red<="00000111";WHEN OTHERS =>col_red<="00000000";end case;when others => col_green<="00000000";col_red<="00000000"; row<="11111111";end case;end if;end process ;
END a;----------------------------------------------
--名称：底板移动计数器                                                                         5
--功能：实现底板移动
--输入：BTN1，BTN2
--输出：x[2]
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
----------------------------------------------
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
ENTITY hwk7_02_movecount IS             PORT(    clkin:IN STD_LOGIC;btn:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(1 downto 0);x1:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0));
END ;
ARCHITECTURE a OF hwk7_02_movecount ISsignal temp: integer range 0 to 5;BEGINp1:    PROCESS(clkin)BEGIN
if rising_edge(clkin) then  if  (btn="01") thenif temp =0 thentemp<=0;else temp<=temp-1; end if;elsif  (btn="10") thenif temp =5 thentemp<=5;else temp<=temp+1; end if; end if;end if;end process;p2: process(temp)begin
case temp iswhen 0 => x1<= "001";when 1 => x1<= "010";when 2 => x1<= "011";when 3 => x1<= "100";when 4 => x1<= "101";when 5 => x1<= "110";
end case;       END PROCESS ;
END a;
----------------------------------------------
--名称：小球下落计数器                                                                       6
--功能：实现小球下落
--输入：M[2],clk_2hz
--输出：x[2]
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
----------------------------------------------
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
ENTITY hwk7_02_fallpointcount IS             PORT(clkin,clear: IN STD_LOGIC;clkin_2Hz: IN STD_LOGIC;speed:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(1 downto 0);M:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0);x0:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0);y0:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0));
END ;
ARCHITECTURE a OF hwk7_02_fallpointcount ISSIGNAL temp1:  STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0);SIGNAL temp2:  integer range 0 to 30;
BEGINPROCESS(clkin_2Hz,clear)BEGINif (clear='1') then temp2<=0;   elsif rising_edge(clkin_2Hz) thencase speed iswhen "00" =>if temp2>=27 thentemp1<=M;temp2<=0;else temp2<=temp2+1;end if; when "01" =>if temp2>=27 thentemp1<=M;temp2<=0;else temp2<=temp2+2;end if;          when "10" =>if temp2>=27 thentemp1<=M;temp2<=0;else temp2<=temp2+3;end if;            when "11" =>if temp2>=27 thentemp1<=M;temp2<=0;else temp2<=temp2+4;end if;           when others =>if temp2>=27 thentemp1<=M;temp2<=0;else temp2<=temp2+2;end if;           end case;                   x0<=temp1;case temp2 iswhen  0|1|2|3  => y0<="000";when  4|5|6|7  => y0<="001";when  8|9|10|11  => y0<="010";when  12|13|14|15  => y0<="011";when  16|17|18|19  => y0<="100";when  20|21|22|23  => y0<="101";when  24|25|26|27  => y0<="110";when others => y0<="111";end case;end if; END PROCESS ;
END a;----------------------------------------------
--名称:   模式选择器                                                                             7
--功能：实现模式选择  模式选择000，实现倒计时动画001，胜利动画010，失败动画011，游戏动画100，
--输入：BTN0，BTN1，BTN2
--输出：MODEL[2]
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn       MODEL_out <="100";
----------------------------------------------
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
ENTITY hwk7_02_MODEL IS             PORT( BTN0 , BTN1 ,BTN2:IN STD_LOGIC;MODEL_in:in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);MODEL:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);finish:in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(1 DOWNTO 0);close:  out STD_LOGIC);
END ;ARCHITECTURE a OF hwk7_02_MODEL ISbeginp1: process(btn0,model_in,finish)beginif btn0 ='1' thenMODEL<="001";elsif model_in ="100" and finish = "10"   thenMODEL<="010"; elsif model_in ="100" and finish = "01"   thenMODEL<="011";else model<=model_in;end if;end process; p2: process(btn0,model_in,finish)begin if model_in ="100" thenclose<='0';elseclose<='1';end if;end process;END a;----------------------------------------------
--名称:  得分判断模块                                                                           8
--功能：实现得分判断，如果得分，则输出一个高电平
--输入：x0[2],y0[2],x1[2]
--输出：goal
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
----------------------------------------------
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
ENTITY hwk7_02_goal IS             PORT(    MODEL :IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);clkin: IN STD_LOGIC;goal:out STD_LOGIC;x0:in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0);y0:in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0);x1:in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0));
END ;ARCHITECTURE a OF hwk7_02_goal IS
beginp1: process(clkin)beginif rising_edge(clkin) thencase model is
when  "100"  =>if (y0="110")  thenif x0=x1-1 or x0=x1 or x0=x1+1  thengoal <='1';end if;else goal <='0';end if;   when others =>goal <='0';end case;
end if;
end process;
end a;----------------------------------------------
--名称:  数码管计分模块                                                                            9
--功能：实现得分计数，当收到一个高电平，数码管显示数字+1
--输入：goal, clk, clear, clk_1hz
--输出：seg[7],cat[7],finish[1]
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
----------------------------------------------
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
Library ieee;
Use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;ENTITY hwk7_02_goalSegmentDisplay IS
PORT(clk,clk_1Hz, close: in std_logic;goal:in std_logic;finish: out std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);number: OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(6 downto 0);cat:    OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0));
END hwk7_02_goalSegmentDisplay; ARCHITECTURE a OF hwk7_02_goalSegmentDisplay IS
signal i ,time_high,time_low: STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(3 DOWNTO 0);
signal finish_signal,finish_signal1: std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
signal point_count: integer range 0 to 3;
BEGINp1:PROCESS(goal,close,clk,clk_1Hz,time_high,time_low)    beginif close ='1' theni<="0000";finish_signal<="00";elsif rising_edge(goal) thenif i="0100" thenfinish_signal<="10";else  i<=i+1;end if;end if;end process;p2:    PROCESS(point_count,goal,close,clk,clk_1Hz,time_high,time_low)    beginif close ='1' thentime_high<="0011";time_low<="0000";finish_signal1<="00";elsif rising_edge(clk_1Hz) then     if(time_low="0000" and time_high="0000") thenfinish_signal1<="01";elsif(time_low="0000" ) then time_low<="1001";time_high<=time_high-1;else time_low<=time_low-1;end if;end if;case point_count is   when 0 =>case i isWHEN "0000" =>number<="1111110";cat<="11111110";--0WHEN "0001" =>number<="0110000";cat<="11111110";--1WHEN "0010" =>number<="1101101";cat<="11111110";--2WHEN "0011" =>number<="1111001";cat<="11111110";--3WHEN "0100" =>number<="0110011";cat<="11111110";--4WHEN "0101" =>number<="1011011";cat<="11111110";--5WHEN "0110" =>number<="1011111";cat<="11111110";--6WHEN "0111" =>number<="1110000";cat<="11111110";--7WHEN "1000" =>number<="1111111";cat<="11111110";--8WHEN "1001" =>number<="1111011";cat<="11111110";--9WHEN OTHERS =>number<="0000000";cat<="11111111";--otherend case;when 1 =>  case time_high isWHEN "0000" =>number<="1111110";cat<="11011111";--0WHEN "0001" =>number<="0110000";cat<="11011111";--1WHEN "0010" =>number<="1101101";cat<="11011111";--2WHEN "0011" =>number<="1111001";cat<="11011111";--3WHEN "0100" =>number<="0110011";cat<="11011111";--4WHEN "0101" =>number<="1011011";cat<="11011111";--5WHEN "0110" =>number<="1011111";cat<="11011111";--6WHEN "0111" =>number<="1110000";cat<="11011111";--7WHEN "1000" =>number<="1111111";cat<="11011111";--8WHEN "1001" =>number<="1111011";cat<="11011111";--9WHEN OTHERS =>number<="0000000";cat<="11111111";--otherend case;when 2 =>   case time_low isWHEN "0000" =>number<="1111110";cat<="11101111";--0WHEN "0001" =>number<="0110000";cat<="11101111";--1WHEN "0010" =>number<="1101101";cat<="11101111";--2WHEN "0011" =>number<="1111001";cat<="11101111";--3WHEN "0100" =>number<="0110011";cat<="11101111";--4WHEN "0101" =>number<="1011011";cat<="11101111";--5WHEN "0110" =>number<="1011111";cat<="11101111";--6WHEN "0111" =>number<="1110000";cat<="11101111";--7WHEN "1000" =>number<="1111111";cat<="11101111";--8WHEN "1001" =>number<="1111011";cat<="11101111";--9WHEN OTHERS =>number<="0000000";cat<="11111111";--otherend case;
WHEN OTHERS =>number<="0000000";cat<="11111111";--other
end case;end process;p3: process (clk)
begin
if rising_edge(clk) thenpoint_count <= point_count + 1;if point_count=3 thenpoint_count<=0;end if;end if;end process;finish<=finish_signal or finish_signal1;END a;
----------------------------------------------
--名称:   蜂鸣器模块                                                                          10
--功能：接球响一下，胜利音调上升，失败音调下降
--输入：goal，finish, clk_in
--输出：music
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
----------------------------------------------
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;ENTITY hwk7_02_music ISPORT(clk_in:IN STD_LOGIC;goal:IN STD_LOGIC;model:IN STD_LOGIC_vector(2 downto 0);music:OUT STD_LOGIC);
END hwk7_02_music;ARCHITECTURE a OF hwk7_02_music ISSIGNAL tmp:INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 2000;SIGNAL clktmp:STD_LOGIC;SIGNAL tmp2:INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 300000;SIGNAL clktmp2:STD_LOGIC;SIGNAL fp:INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 20000;SIGNAL q_temp: INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 144;signal music_win,music_lose: STD_LOGIC;BEGINPROCESS(fp,clk_in) --Changeable divBEGINIF clk_in'event AND clk_in='1' THENIF tmp >= fp/2 THENtmp<=0; clktmp<=NOT clktmp;ELSEtmp<=tmp+1;END IF;END IF;
END PROCESS;PROCESS(clk_in) --0.5S divBEGINIF clk_in'event AND clk_in='1' THENIF tmp2=83333 THENtmp2<=0; clktmp2<=NOT clktmp2;ELSEtmp2<=tmp2+1;END IF;END IF;
END PROCESS;PROCESS(clktmp2,model)BEGINIF model="100" THENq_temp<=0 ;ELSIF(clktmp2'event AND clktmp2='1' and model="010")THENIF q_temp =7 THEN  --wait for finishq_temp<=7 ;ELSEq_temp<=q_temp+1;END IF;ELSIF(clktmp2'event AND clktmp2='1' and model="011")THENIF q_temp =64 THEN  --wait for finishq_temp<=64 ;ELSEq_temp<=q_temp+8;END IF;END IF;
END PROCESS;PROCESS(q_temp,clk_in)BEGINif rising_edge(clk_in) thencase q_temp is when 0|56 => fp<=5000;when 1|48 => fp<=1911;when 2|40 => fp<=1703;when 3|32 => fp<=1517;when 4|24 => fp<=1412;when 5|16 => fp<=1276;when 6|8  => fp<=1136;when others => fp<=5000;end case;end if;
END PROCESS;p1:process(clk_in)
begin
if rising_edge(clk_in) then
if(goal='1') thenmusic<='1';elsif (model="010") thenmusic<=clktmp;elsif (model="011")  thenmusic<=clktmp;
else
music<='0';
end if;
end if;
end process;END a;----------------------------------------------
--名称：接球小游戏顶层设计                                                                    0
--功能：根据按键完成点阵接球小游戏
--输入：1MHz，BTN0，BTN1,BTN2
--输出：点阵显示， 数码管 ，蜂鸣器
--编译者邮箱：HeWenKang@bupt.edu.cn
----------------------------------------------
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
USE IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
ENTITY game IS             PORT(btn0:IN STD_LOGIC;btn1:IN STD_LOGIC;btn2:IN STD_LOGIC;clk_1M:IN STD_LOGIC;speed:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(1 downto 0);col_red:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);col_green:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);row:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);music:OUT STD_LOGIC;segnumber:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(6 DOWNTO 0);cat:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0));
END game;ARCHITECTURE a OF game ISCOMPONENT hwk7_02_M1 IS             PORT(clkin:IN STD_LOGIC;clear:IN STD_LOGIC;m:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0));END COMPONENT;COMPONENT hwk7_02_CLK_DIVISON IS             PORT(clkin:IN STD_LOGIC;clk_out_10Hz, clk_out_1Hz, clk_out_2Hz :OUT STD_LOGIC   );END COMPONENT;COMPONENT hwk7_02_FD IS             PORT(clkin , BTN0 , BTN1 ,BTN2,goal:IN STD_LOGIC;FDBTN0 , FDBTN1 ,FDBTN2,fdgoal:OUT STD_LOGIC   );END COMPONENT;COMPONENT hwk7_02_POINTDISPLAY IS             PORT(X0:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);Y0:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);X1:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);MODEL :IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);MODEL_out :out STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);clkin: IN STD_LOGIC;clkin_1Hz: IN STD_LOGIC;col_red:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);col_green:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);row:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0));END COMPONENT;COMPONENT hwk7_02_movecount IS             PORT( clkin:IN STD_LOGIC;btn:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(1 downto 0);         x1:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0));END COMPONENT;COMPONENT hwk7_02_MODEL IS             PORT( BTN0 , BTN1 ,BTN2:IN STD_LOGIC;MODEL_in:in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);MODEL:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);finish:in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(1 DOWNTO 0);close:    out STD_LOGIC);END COMPONENT;COMPONENT  hwk7_02_fallpointcount IS             PORT( clear,clkin: IN STD_LOGIC;clkin_2Hz: IN STD_LOGIC;speed:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(1 downto 0);M:IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0);x0:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0);y0:OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0));END COMPONENT;COMPONENT  hwk7_02_goal IS
PORT(   clkin: IN STD_LOGIC;goal:out STD_LOGIC;MODEL :IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);x0:in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0);y0:in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0);x1:in STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 downto 0));END COMPONENT;COMPONENT hwk7_02_goalSegmentDisplay IS
PORT(clk,clk_1Hz, close: in std_logic;goal:in std_logic;finish: out std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);number: OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(6 DOWNTO 0);cat:    OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0));
END COMPONENT;  COMPONENT hwk7_02_music ISPORT(clk_in:IN STD_LOGIC;goal:IN STD_LOGIC;model:IN STD_LOGIC_vector(2 downto 0);music:OUT STD_LOGIC);
END COMPONENT;SIGNAL m_signal: STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);
SIGNAL clk_10Hz_signal,clk_1Hz_signal,clk_2Hz_signal: STD_LOGIC;
SIGNAL FDBTN0_signal , FDBTN1_signal ,FDBTN2_signal,fdgoal_signal:STD_LOGIC;
SIGNAL x0_signal,y0_signal,x1_signal,MODEL_signal,MODEL_out_signal: STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);
SIGNAL goal_signal,close_signal: STD_LOGIC;
SIGNAL finish_signal: STD_LOGIC_vector(1 downto 0);BEGIN
G1:hwk7_02_M1 PORT MAP(clkin=>clk_1M,clear=>FDBTN0_signal,m=>m_signal);
G2:hwk7_02_CLK_DIVISON PORT MAP(clkin=>clk_1M,clk_out_10Hz=>clk_10Hz_signal, clk_out_1Hz=>clk_1Hz_signal, clk_out_2Hz=>clk_2Hz_signal);
G3:hwk7_02_FD PORT MAP(goal=>goal_signal,fdgoal=>fdgoal_signal,clkin=>clk_1M , BTN0=>btn0 , BTN1=>btn1 , BTN2=>btn2, FDBTN0=>FDBTN0_signal , FDBTN1=>FDBTN1_signal ,FDBTN2=>FDBTN2_signal);
G4:hwk7_02_POINTDISPLAY PORT MAP(x0=>x0_signal,y0=>y0_signal,x1=>x1_signal,MODEL=>MODEL_signal,MODEL_out=>MODEL_out_signal,clkin=>clk_1M,clkin_1Hz=>clk_1Hz_signal,col_red=>col_red,col_green=>col_green,row=>row);
G5:hwk7_02_movecount PORT MAP(clkin=>clk_10Hz_signal,btn(0)=>FDBTN1_signal,btn(1)=>FDBTN2_signal,x1=>x1_signal);
G6:hwk7_02_fallpointcount PORT MAP(speed=>speed,clear=>FDBTN0_signal,clkin=>clk_1M,clkin_2Hz=>clk_2Hz_signal,M=>m_signal,x0=>x0_signal,y0=>y0_signal);
G7:hwk7_02_MODEL PORT MAP(finish=>finish_signal ,model_in=>model_out_signal,btn0=>FDBTN0_signal,btn1=>FDBTN1_signal,btn2=>FDBTN2_signal,MODEL=>MODEL_signal,close=>close_signal);
G8:hwk7_02_goal PORT MAP(model=>model_signal,clkin=>clk_1M,x0=>x0_signal,y0=>y0_signal,x1=>x1_signal,goal=>goal_signal);
G9:hwk7_02_goalSegmentDisplay PORT MAP(clk=>clk_1M,clk_1hz=>clk_1hz_signal,close=>close_signal,goal=>goal_signal,finish=>finish_signal,number=>segnumber,cat=>cat);
G10:hwk7_02_music PORT MAP(goal=>fdgoal_signal,clk_in=>clk_1M,model=>model_out_signal,music=>music);
END;

五、遇到的问题和解决办法

问题：小球跳格下落，每次下落两行
解决办法：在分频器的代码外嵌套了一个上升沿的判断语句，如下面红色部分所示。
p4:process(count_2Hz,clkin)
begin
if rising_edge(clkin) then
if count_2Hz<125000 then
clk_out_2Hz <= ‘0’;
else clk_out_2Hz <= ‘1’;
end if;
end if;
end process p4;

问题：验收时老师指出，小球下落未到最后一行，到了倒数第二行就重新到第0行了。
解决办法：在小球位矢计数器和点阵显示模块中加入最后一行的代码，代码格式和前几行格式一样，只要复制就行。

问题：底板位矢计数器中，两个进程中无法对同一个信号进行赋值。
解决办法：加一个扫描信号，以它为敏感信号建立一个进程。将输入的按键信号合并为一组二进制信号，当扫描到btn为01或者10时，对底板的位矢进行+1或者-1。

六、总结

这次实验时间跨度很大，大二下的实验，因为疫情原因只能在家用做仿真，回学校才拿到器件开始做实物实验，不过因祸得福，我的Quartus使用的熟练度有了很大提升。
回学校用了实物以后才知道实物电路和仿真的差距有多大，很多问题都是用仿真软件时难以发现的。也在实验中通过烧录发现问题，解决问题，也是需要不断的实验来积累自己的经验的。
这个实验做起来到最后还是有一些遗憾的吧，没有把所有的提高功能做完，一个是因为每周六要上课，学校压缩课时没有太多课余时间，二个是因为数电实验验收前一阵子恰好赶上期中考试，但是在写代码的时候预留了部分接口，给之后提高留了空间，等学期结束，可以把提高的部分自己给写完。
原本挺讨厌实验课的，觉得实验中遇到的问题很“玄学”，很多问题是需要经验积累的，不去踩这个坑就很难知道这个问题，就很难意识到问题。数字电路的问题没有C代码那样容易被发现。但是一旦有了经验，知道问题在哪，调起来还是很快的。做了这次接球小游戏实验，我对数电实验没有原来那么厌恶或者说畏惧了，掌握了很多调试的方法，比如说将其分块分别测试，看仿真的波形，这些方法都是需要经验去积累和自行领会的。感谢这次实验机会吧，也感谢老师的答疑和帮助，谢谢！

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