1、Z-缓冲

//开启深度测试
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

2、GLM库函数

3、PVM矩阵

4、PVM矩阵的使用

我们需要引入GLM函数库的头文件：

#include<glm/glm.hpp>
#include<glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include<glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

设置vew矩阵的相关参数：

//相机参数
glm::vec3 camera_position = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);     //摄像机位置
glm::vec3 camera_front = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);       //摄像机方向
glm::vec3 camera_up = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);           //摄像机上向量

设置project矩阵视野fov：

float fov = 45.0f;

// Transform坐标变换矩阵glm::mat4 model(1);//model矩阵，局部坐标变换至世界坐标model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(0.0,0.0,0.0));model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime(), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f));

glm::mat4 view(1);//view矩阵，世界坐标变换至观察坐标系view = glm::lookAt(camera_position, camera_position + camera_front, camera_up);

glm::mat4 projection(1);//projection矩阵，投影矩阵projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(fov), (float)screen_width / screen_height, 0.1f, 100.0f);

int model_location = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "model"); //获取着色器内某个参数的位置

glUniformMatrix4fv(model_location, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));//写入参数值

gl_Position=projection*view*model*vec4(aPos,1.0);

5、工程文件结构

shader.h

#ifndef __SHADER_H__
#define __SHADER_H__#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include "string"class Shader
{
public:unsigned int ID;Shader(const GLchar* vertex_shader_path, const GLchar* fragment_shader_path);~Shader();void Use();void SetBool(const std::string &name, bool value) const;void SetInt(const std::string &name, int value) const;void SetFloat(const std::string &name, float value) const;void SetVec2(const std::string &name, const glm::vec2 &value) const;void SetVec2(const std::string &name, float x, float y) const;void SetVec3(const std::string &name, const glm::vec3 &value) const;void SetVec3(const std::string &name, float x, float y, float z) const;void SetVec4(const std::string &name, const glm::vec4 &value) const;void SetVec4(const std::string &name, float x, float y, float z, float w) const;void SetMat2(const std::string &name, const glm::mat2 &value) const;void SetMat3(const std::string &name, const glm::mat3 &value) const;void SetMat4(const std::string &name, const glm::mat4 &value) const;private:int GetShaderFromFile(const GLchar* vertex_shader_path, const GLchar* fragment_shader_path,std::string *vertex_shader_code, std::string *fragment_shader_code);int LinkShader(const char* vertex_shader_code, const char* fragment_shader_code);int GetUniform(const std::string &name) const;void CheckCompileErrors(GLuint shader, std::string type);
};#endif // !__SHADER_H__
#ifndef __SHADER_H__
#define __SHADER_H__#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include "string"class Shader
{
public:unsigned int ID;Shader(const GLchar* vertex_shader_path, const GLchar* fragment_shader_path);~Shader();void Use();void SetBool(const std::string &name, bool value) const;void SetInt(const std::string &name, int value) const;void SetFloat(const std::string &name, float value) const;void SetVec2(const std::string &name, const glm::vec2 &value) const;void SetVec2(const std::string &name, float x, float y) const;void SetVec3(const std::string &name, const glm::vec3 &value) const;void SetVec3(const std::string &name, float x, float y, float z) const;void SetVec4(const std::string &name, const glm::vec4 &value) const;void SetVec4(const std::string &name, float x, float y, float z, float w) const;void SetMat2(const std::string &name, const glm::mat2 &value) const;void SetMat3(const std::string &name, const glm::mat3 &value) const;void SetMat4(const std::string &name, const glm::mat4 &value) const;private:int GetShaderFromFile(const GLchar* vertex_shader_path, const GLchar* fragment_shader_path,std::string *vertex_shader_code, std::string *fragment_shader_code);int LinkShader(const char* vertex_shader_code, const char* fragment_shader_code);int GetUniform(const std::string &name) const;void CheckCompileErrors(GLuint shader, std::string type);
};#endif // !__SHADER_H__
#ifndef __SHADER_H__
#define __SHADER_H__#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include "string"class Shader
{
public:unsigned int ID;Shader(const GLchar* vertex_shader_path, const GLchar* fragment_shader_path);~Shader();void Use();void SetBool(const std::string &name, bool value) const;void SetInt(const std::string &name, int value) const;void SetFloat(const std::string &name, float value) const;void SetVec2(const std::string &name, const glm::vec2 &value) const;void SetVec2(const std::string &name, float x, float y) const;void SetVec3(const std::string &name, const glm::vec3 &value) const;void SetVec3(const std::string &name, float x, float y, float z) const;void SetVec4(const std::string &name, const glm::vec4 &value) const;void SetVec4(const std::string &name, float x, float y, float z, float w) const;void SetMat2(const std::string &name, const glm::mat2 &value) const;void SetMat3(const std::string &name, const glm::mat3 &value) const;void SetMat4(const std::string &name, const glm::mat4 &value) const;private:int GetShaderFromFile(const GLchar* vertex_shader_path, const GLchar* fragment_shader_path,std::string *vertex_shader_code, std::string *fragment_shader_code);int LinkShader(const char* vertex_shader_code, const char* fragment_shader_code);int GetUniform(const std::string &name) const;void CheckCompileErrors(GLuint shader, std::string type);
};#endif // !__SHADER_H__

shader.cpp

#include "Shader.h"
#include "fstream"
#include "sstream"
#include "iostream"Shader::Shader(const GLchar* vertex_shader_path, const GLchar* fragment_shader_path)
{std::string vertex_shader_code;std::string fragment_shader_code;if (GetShaderFromFile(vertex_shader_path, fragment_shader_path, &vertex_shader_code, &fragment_shader_code)){return;}if (LinkShader(vertex_shader_code.c_str(), fragment_shader_code.c_str())){return;}
}Shader::~Shader()
{}void Shader::Use()
{glUseProgram(ID);
}void Shader::SetBool(const std::string &name, bool value) const
{SetInt(name, (int)value);
}void Shader::SetInt(const std::string &name, int value) const
{glUniform1i(GetUniform(name), value);
}void Shader::SetFloat(const std::string &name, float value) const
{glUniform1f(GetUniform(name), value);
}void Shader::SetVec2(const std::string &name, float x, float y) const
{glUniform2f(GetUniform(name), x, y);
}void Shader::SetVec2(const std::string &name, const glm::vec2 &value) const
{SetVec2(name, value.x, value.y);
}void Shader::SetVec3(const std::string &name, float x, float y, float z) const
{glUniform3f(GetUniform(name), x, y, z);
}void Shader::SetVec3(const std::string &name, const glm::vec3 &value) const
{SetVec3(name, value.x, value.y, value.z);
}void Shader::SetVec4(const std::string &name, float x, float y, float z, float w) const
{glUniform4f(GetUniform(name), x, y, z, w);
}void Shader::SetVec4(const std::string &name, const glm::vec4 &value) const
{SetVec4(name, value.x, value.y, value.z, value.w);
}void Shader::SetMat2(const std::string &name, const glm::mat2 &value) const
{glUniformMatrix2fv(GetUniform(name), 1, GL_FALSE, &value[0][0]);
}void Shader::SetMat3(const std::string &name, const glm::mat3 &value) const
{glUniformMatrix3fv(GetUniform(name), 1, GL_FALSE, &value[0][0]);
}void Shader::SetMat4(const std::string &name, const glm::mat4 &value) const
{glUniformMatrix4fv(GetUniform(name), 1, GL_FALSE, &value[0][0]);
}int Shader::GetShaderFromFile(const GLchar* vertex_shader_path, const GLchar* fragment_shader_path, std::string *vertex_shader_code, std::string *fragment_shader_code)
{std::ifstream vertex_shader_file;std::ifstream fragment_shader_file;vertex_shader_file.exceptions(std::ifstream::badbit | std::ifstream::failbit);fragment_shader_file.exceptions(std::ifstream::badbit | std::ifstream::failbit);try{vertex_shader_file.open(vertex_shader_path);fragment_shader_file.open(fragment_shader_path);std::stringstream vertex_shader_stream, fragment_shader_stream;vertex_shader_stream << vertex_shader_file.rdbuf();fragment_shader_stream << fragment_shader_file.rdbuf();vertex_shader_file.close();fragment_shader_file.close();*vertex_shader_code = vertex_shader_stream.str();*fragment_shader_code = fragment_shader_stream.str();}catch (std::ifstream::failure e){std::cout << "Load Shader File Error!" << std::endl;return -1;}return 0;
}int Shader::LinkShader(const char* vertex_shader_code, const char* fragment_shader_code)
{int vertex_shader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);glShaderSource(vertex_shader, 1, &vertex_shader_code, NULL);glCompileShader(vertex_shader);CheckCompileErrors(vertex_shader, "VERTEX");int fragment_shader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);glShaderSource(fragment_shader, 1, &fragment_shader_code, NULL);glCompileShader(fragment_shader);CheckCompileErrors(fragment_shader, "FRAGMENT");this->ID = glCreateProgram();glAttachShader(ID, vertex_shader);glAttachShader(ID, fragment_shader);glLinkProgram(ID);CheckCompileErrors(ID, "PROGRAM");glDeleteShader(vertex_shader);glDeleteShader(fragment_shader);return 0;
}int Shader::GetUniform(const std::string &name) const
{int position = glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str());if (position == -1){std::cout << "uniform " << name << " set failed!" << std::endl;}return position;
}void Shader::CheckCompileErrors(GLuint shader, std::string type)
{GLint success;GLchar infoLog[512];if (type == "PROGRAM"){glGetProgramiv(shader, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);if (!success){glGetProgramInfoLog(shader, 512, NULL, infoLog);std::cout << "ERROR::PROGRAM_LINKING_ERROR!\n" << infoLog << std::endl;}}else{glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);if (!success){glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, 512, NULL, infoLog);std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::" << type << "::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;}}
}

main.cpp

//总体流程
//1. 初始化并创建窗口
//2. 加载立方体顶点VAOVBO以及着色器并开启深度测试
//3. 进入主循环清除缓冲
//4. 使用立方体着色器，构造并传入pvm矩阵，绘制
//5. 循环结束，释放VAOVBO#include <iostream>
#include "glad/glad.h"
#include "GLFW/glfw3.h"
#include "glm/glm.hpp"
#include "glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp"
#include "glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp"#include "shader.h"const float vertices[] = {                  //立方体数组-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,0.0f,0.0f,-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,0.0f,0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,0.0f,0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,1.0f,0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,1.0f,0.0f,0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,1.0f,0.0f,0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,1.0f,0.0f,-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,1.0f,0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,1.0f,0.0f,-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,1.0f,-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,1.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,1.0f,-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,1.0f,0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,0.0f,0.0f,0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,0.0f,0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,0.0f,0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,0.0f,0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,0.0f,0.0f,0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,0.0f,0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,0.5f,0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,0.5f,0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,0.5f,0.0f,0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,0.5f,0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,0.5f,0.0f,-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,0.5f,0.0f,-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,0.5f,0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,0.5f,0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,0.5f,0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,0.5f,-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,0.5f,-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,0.0f,0.5f
};float screen_width = 1280.0f;          //窗口宽度
float screen_height = 720.0f;          //窗口高度
//相机参数
glm::vec3 camera_position = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);     //摄像机位置
glm::vec3 camera_front = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);       //摄像机方向
glm::vec3 camera_up = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);           //摄像机上向量
//视野
float fov = 45.0f;int main() {// 初始化GLFWglfwInit();                                                     // 初始化GLFWglfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);                  // OpenGL版本为3.3，主次版本号均设为3glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);  // 使用核心模式(无需向后兼容性)glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);            // 如果使用的是Mac OS X系统，需加上这行glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, FALSE);                           // 不可改变窗口大小// 创建窗口(宽、高、窗口名称)auto window = glfwCreateWindow(screen_width, screen_height, "Cube", nullptr, nullptr);if (window == nullptr) {                                        // 如果窗口创建失败，输出Failed to Create OpenGL Contextstd::cout << "Failed to Create OpenGL Context" << std::endl;glfwTerminate();return -1;}glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);                                 // 将窗口的上下文设置为当前线程的主上下文// 初始化GLAD，加载OpenGL函数指针地址的函数if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)){std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;return -1;}// 指定当前视口尺寸(前两个参数为左下角位置，后两个参数是渲染窗口宽、高)glViewport(0, 0, screen_width, screen_height);Shader shader("res/shader/task-cube.vs", "res/shader/task-cube.fs");//加载着色器// 生成并绑定VAO和VBOGLuint vertex_array_object; // == VAOglGenVertexArrays(1, &vertex_array_object);glBindVertexArray(vertex_array_object);GLuint vertex_buffer_object; // == VBOglGenBuffers(1, &vertex_buffer_object);glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertex_buffer_object);// 将顶点数据绑定至当前默认的缓冲中glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);// 设置顶点属性指针glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);// Render loop主循环while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {//进入主循环，清理颜色缓冲深度缓冲glClearColor(0.0f, 0.34f, 0.57f, 1.0f);glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);//清理颜色缓冲和深度缓冲shader.Use();// Transform坐标变换矩阵glm::mat4 model(1);//model矩阵，局部坐标变换至世界坐标model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(0.0,0.0,0.0));model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime(), glm::vec3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f));model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f));glm::mat4 view(1);//view矩阵，世界坐标变换至观察坐标系view = glm::lookAt(camera_position, camera_position + camera_front, camera_up);glm::mat4 projection(1);//projection矩阵，投影矩阵projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(fov), (float)screen_width / screen_height, 0.1f, 100.0f);// 向着色器中传入参数int model_location = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "model"); //获取着色器内某个参数的位置glUniformMatrix4fv(model_location, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));//写入参数值int view_location = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "view");glUniformMatrix4fv(view_location, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));int projection_location = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "projection");glUniformMatrix4fv(projection_location, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));//绘制glBindVertexArray(vertex_array_object);glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);glBindVertexArray(0);glfwSwapBuffers(window);glfwPollEvents();}//释放VAOVBOglDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vertex_array_object);glDeleteBuffers(1, &vertex_buffer_object);// 清理所有的资源并正确退出程序glfwTerminate();return 0;
}

输出结果：

【OpenGL 学习笔记】第 7 篇：绘制旋转立方体相关推荐

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【OpenGL 学习笔记】第 7 篇：绘制旋转立方体

1、Z-缓冲

2、GLM库函数

3、PVM矩阵

4、PVM矩阵的使用

5、工程文件结构

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