https://www.jianshu.com/p/0cb93b7b4f64

Linux命令参数详细解析-ping

概要
ping [-aAbBdDfhLnOqrRUvV] [-c count] [-F flowlabel] [-i interval] [-I inter‐
face] [-l preload] [-m mark] [-M pmtudisc_option] [-N nodeinfo_option] [-w
deadline] [-W timeout] [-p pattern] [-Q tos] [-s packetsize] [-S sndbuf] [-t
ttl] [-T timestamp option] [hop ...] destination
描述
ping uses the ICMP protocol's mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an
ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway. ECHO_REQUEST datagrams (''pings'') have an IP and ICMP header, followed by a struct timeval and then
an arbitrary number of ``pad'' bytes used to fill out the packet.
ping6 is IPv6 version of ping, and can also send Node Information Queries
(RFC4620). Intermediate hops may not be allowed, because IPv6 source routing
was deprecated (RFC5095).
操作

 -a     Audible ping.-A     Adaptive ping. Interpacket interval adapts to round-trip time, so thateffectively not more than one (or more, if preload is set)  unansweredprobe  is   present in the network. Minimal interval is 200msec for notsuper-user.  On networks with low rtt this mode is essentially equiva‐lent to flood mode.-b     Allow pinging a broadcast address.-B     Do  not allow ping to change source address of probes.  The address isbound to one selected when ping starts.-c countStop after sending count ECHO_REQUEST packets. With  deadline  option,ping waits for count ECHO_REPLY packets, until the timeout expires.-d     Set  the  SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used.  Essentially, thissocket option is not used by Linux kernel.-D     Print timestamp (unix time + microseconds as in  gettimeofday)  beforeeach line.-f     Flood  ping.  For  every  ECHO_REQUEST sent a period ``.'' is printed,while for ever ECHO_REPLY received a backspace is printed.  This  pro‐vides  a  rapid  display  of  how  many packets are being dropped.  Ifinterval is not given, it sets interval to zero and outputs packets asfast  as  they come back or one hundred times per second, whichever ismore.  Only the super-user may use this option with zero interval.-F flow labelping6 only.  Allocate and set 20 bit  flow  label  (in  hex)  on  echorequest  packets.   If  value  is  zero,  kernel allocates random flowlabel.-h     Show help.-i intervalWait interval seconds between sending each packet.  The default is  towait  for  one  second between each packet normally, or not to wait inflood mode. Only super-user may set interval to values less  0.2  sec‐onds.-I interfaceinterface is either an address, or an interface name.  If interface isan address, it sets source address to specified interface address.  Ifinterface  in an interface name, it sets source interface to specifiedinterface.  For ping6, when doing ping to a link-local scope  address,link  specification  (by  the  '%'-notation in destination, or by thisoption) is required.-l preloadIf preload is specified, ping sends that many packets not waiting  forreply.  Only the super-user may select preload more than 3.-L     Suppress loopback of multicast packets.  This flag only applies if theping destination is a multicast address.-m markuse mark to tag the packets going out. This is useful for  variety  ofreasons  within the kernel such as using policy routing to select spe‐cific outbound processing.-n     Numeric output only.  No attempt will be made to lookup symbolic namesfor host addresses.-O     Report  outstanding  ICMP ECHO reply before sending next packet.  Thisis useful together with the timestamp -D to log output to a diagnosticfile and search for missing answers.-p patternYou  may  specify  up  to  16 ``pad'' bytes to fill out the packet yousend.  This is useful for diagnosing data-dependent problems in a net‐work.  For example, -p ff will cause the sent packet to be filled withall ones.-q     Quiet output.  Nothing  is  displayed  except  the  summary  lines  atstartup time and when finished.-Q tos Set  Quality  of  Service -related bits in ICMP datagrams.  tos can bedecimal (ping only) or hex number.
-r     Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to  a  host  on  anattached  interface.   If  the host is not on a directly-attached net‐work, an error is returned.  This option can be used to ping  a  localhost  through  an  interface that has no route through it provided theoption -I is also used.-R     ping only.  Record route.  Includes the  RECORD_ROUTE  option  in  theECHO_REQUEST packet and displays the route buffer on returned packets.Note that the IP header is only large enough  for  nine  such  routes.Many hosts ignore or discard this option.-s packetsizeSpecifies  the  number  of  data bytes to be sent.  The default is 56,which translates into 64 ICMP data bytes  when  combined  with  the  8bytes of ICMP header data.-S sndbufSet socket sndbuf. If not specified, it is selected to buffer not morethan one packet.-t ttl ping only.  Set the IP Time to Live.-T timestamp optionSet special IP timestamp options.   timestamp  option  may  be  eithertsonly  (only  timestamps),  tsandaddr  (timestamps  and addresses) ortsprespec host1 [host2 [host3 [host4]]] (timestamp prespecified hops).-U     Print full user-to-user latency (the  old  behaviour).  Normally  pingprints network round trip time, which can be different f.e. due to DNSfailures.-v     Verbose output.-V     Show version and exit.-w deadlineSpecify a timeout, in seconds, before ping  exits  regardless  of  howmany  packets  have  been sent or received. In this case ping does notstop after count packet are sent, it waits either for deadline  expireor until count probes are answered or for some error notification fromnetwork.-W timeoutTime to wait for a response, in seconds. The option affects only time‐out in absence of any responses, otherwise ping waits for two RTTs.

http://help.sonicwall.com/help/sw/eng/7110/26/2/4/content/Firewall_Managing_QoS.088.3.html

DSCP Marking

DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) marking uses 6-bits of the 8-bit ToS field in the IP Header to provide up to 64 classes (or code points) for traffic. Since DSCP is a layer 3 marking method, there is no concern about compatibility as there is with 802.1p marking. Devices that do not support DSCP will simply ignore the tags, or at worst, they will reset the tag value to 0.

Figure 43. DSCP marking: IP packet

The above diagram depicts an IP packet, with a close-up on the ToS portion of the header. The ToS bits were originally used for Precedence and ToS (delay, throughput, reliability, and cost) settings, but were later repurposed by RFC2474 for the more versatile DSCP settings.

The following table shows the commonly used code points, as well as their mapping to the legacy Precedence and ToS settings.

Table 123. DSCP marking: Commonly used code points

DSCP

DSCP Description

Legacy IP Precedence

Legacy IP ToS (D, T, R)

Best effort

0 (Routine – 000)

Class 1

1 (Priority – 001)

Class 1, gold (AF11)

1 (Priority – 001)

Class 1, silver (AF12)

1 (Priority – 001)

Class 1, bronze (AF13)

1 (Priority – 001)

D, T

Class 2

2 (Immediate – 010)

Class 2, gold (AF21)

2 (Immediate – 010)

Class 2, silver (AF22)

2 (Immediate – 010)

Class 2, bronze (AF23)

2 (Immediate – 010)

D, T

Class 3

3 (Flash – 011)

Class 3, gold (AF31)

3 (Flash – 011)

Class 3, silver (AF32)

3 (Flash – 011)

Class 3, bronze (AF33)

3 (Flash – 011)

D, T

Class 4

4 (Flash Override – 100)

Class 4, gold (AF41)

4 (Flash Override – 100)

Class 4, silver (AF42)

4 (Flash Override – 100)

Class 4, bronze (AF43)

4 (Flash Override – 100)

D, T

Express forwarding

5 (CRITIC/ECP1 – 101)

Expedited forwarding (EF)

5 (CRITIC/ECP – 101)

D, T

Control

6 (Internet Control – 110)

Control

7 (Network Control – 111)

ECP: Elliptic Curve Group

DSCP marking can be performed on traffic to/from any interface and to/from any zone type, without exception. DSCP marking is controlled by Access Rules, from the QoS tab, and can be used in conjunction with 802.1p marking, as well as with SonicOS’ internal bandwidth management.

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