Nginx+PHP（FastCGI）搭建胜过Apache十倍的Web服务器

前言：本文是我撰写的关于搭建“Nginx + PHP（FastCGI）”Web服务器的第6篇文章。本系列文章作为国内最早详细介绍 Nginx + PHP 安装、配置、使用的资料之一，为推动 Nginx 在国内的发展产生了积极的作用。本文可能不断更新小版本，请记住原文链接“http://blog.s135.com/nginx_php_v6/”，获取最新内容。第6篇文章主要介绍了Nginx 0.8.x新的平滑重启方式，将PHP升级到了5.2.14，修正了PEAR问题。另将MySQL 5.1.x升级到了5.5.x系列，配置文件变更较大。

在高并发连接的情况下，Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品。Nginx同时也可以作为7层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果，Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 可以承受3万以上的并发连接数，相当于同等环境下Apache的10倍。

根据我的经验，4GB内存的服务器+Apache（prefork模式）一般只能处理3000个并发连接，因为它们将占用3GB以上的内存，还得为系统预留1GB的内存。我曾经就有两台Apache服务器，因为在配置文件中设置的MaxClients为4000，当Apache并发连接数达到3800时，导致服务器内存和Swap空间用满而崩溃。

而这台 Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下，开启的10个Nginx进程消耗150M内存（15M*10=150M），开启的64个php-cgi进程消耗1280M内存（20M*64=1280M），加上系统自身消耗的内存，总共消耗不到2GB内存。如果服务器内存较小，完全可以只开启25个php-cgi进程，这样php-cgi消耗的总内存数才500M。

在3万并发连接下，访问Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服务器的PHP程序，仍然速度飞快。下图为Nginx的状态监控页面，显示的活动连接数为28457（关于Nginx的监控页配置，会在本文接下来所给出的Nginx配置文件中写明）：

我生产环境下的两台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器，跑多个一般复杂的纯PHP动态程序，单台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器跑PHP动态程序的处理能力已经超过“700次请求/秒”，相当于每天可以承受6000万（700*60*60*24=60480000）的访问量（更多信息见此），而服务器的系统负载也不高：

2009年9月3日下午2：30，金山游戏《剑侠情缘网络版叁》临时维护1小时（http://kefu.xoyo.com/gonggao/jx3/2009-09-03/750438.shtml），大量玩家上官网，论坛、评论、客服等动态应用Nginx服务器集群，每台服务器的Nginx活动连接数达到2.8万，这是笔者遇到的Nginx生产环境最高并发值。

下面是用100个并发连接分别去压生产环境中同一负载均衡器VIP下、提供相同服务的两台服务器，一台为Nginx，另一台为Apache，Nginx每秒处理的请求数是Apache的两倍多，Nginx服务器的系统负载、CPU使用率远低于Apache：

你可以将连接数开到10000～30000，去压Nginx和Apache上的phpinfo.php，这是用浏览器访问Nginx上的phpinfo.php一切正常，而访问Apache服务器的phpinfo.php，则是该页无法显示。4G内存的服务器，即使再优化，Apache也很难在“webbench -c 30000 -t 60 http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/phpinfo.php”的压力情况下正常访问，而调整参数优化后的Nginx可以。

webbench 下载地址：http://blog.s135.com/post/288/

注意：webbench 做压力测试时，该软件自身也会消耗CPU和内存资源，为了测试准确，请将 webbench 安装在别的服务器上。

测试结果：##### Nginx + PHP #####

[root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php

Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5

Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.

Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php

100 clients, running 30 sec.

Speed=102450 pages/min, 16490596 bytes/sec.

Requests: 51225 susceed, 0 failed.

top - 14:06:13 up 27 days, 2:25, 2 users, load average: 14.57, 9.89, 6.51

Tasks: 287 total,   4 running, 283 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie

Cpu(s): 49.9% us, 6.7% sy, 0.0% ni, 41.4% id, 1.1% wa, 0.1% hi, 0.8% si

Mem:   6230016k total, 2959468k used, 3270548k free,   635992k buffers

Swap: 2031608k total,     3696k used, 2027912k free, 1231444k cached

测试结果：##### Apache + PHP #####

[root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php

Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5

Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.

Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php

100 clients, running 30 sec.

Speed=42184 pages/min, 31512914 bytes/sec.

Requests: 21092 susceed, 0 failed.

top - 14:06:20 up 27 days, 2:13, 2 users, load average: 62.15, 26.36, 13.42

Tasks: 318 total,   7 running, 310 sleeping,   0 stopped,   1 zombie

Cpu(s): 80.4% us, 10.6% sy, 0.0% ni, 7.9% id, 0.1% wa, 0.1% hi, 0.9% si

Mem:   6230016k total, 3075948k used, 3154068k free,   379896k buffers

Swap: 2031608k total,    12592k used, 2019016k free, 1117868k cached

为什么Nginx的性能要比Apache高得多？这得益于Nginx使用了最新的epoll（Linux 2.6内核）和kqueue（freebsd）网络I/O模型，而Apache则使用的是传统的select模型。目前Linux下能够承受高并发访问的Squid、Memcached都采用的是epoll网络I/O模型。

处理大量的连接的读写，Apache所采用的select网络I/O模型非常低效。下面用一个比喻来解析Apache采用的select模型和Nginx采用的epoll模型进行之间的区别：

假设你在大学读书，住的宿舍楼有很多间房间，你的朋友要来找你。select版宿管大妈就会带着你的朋友挨个房间去找，直到找到你为止。而epoll版宿管大妈会先记下每位同学的房间号，你的朋友来时，只需告诉你的朋友你住在哪个房间即可，不用亲自带着你的朋友满大楼找人。如果来了10000个人，都要找自己住这栋楼的同学时，select版和epoll版宿管大妈，谁的效率更高，不言自明。同理，在高并发服务器中，轮询I/O是最耗时间的操作之一，select和epoll的性能谁的性能更高，同样十分明了。

安装步骤：

（系统要求：Linux 2.6+ 内核，本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 5.3，另在RedHat AS4上也安装成功）

一、获取相关开源程序：

1、【适用CentOS操作系统】利用CentOS Linux系统自带的yum命令安装、升级所需的程序库（RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包，进行安装）：

sudo -s

LANG=C

yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel openldap openldap-devel nss_ldap openldap-clients openldap-servers

2、【适用RedHat操作系统】RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包（事先可通过类似“rpm -qa | grep libjpeg”的命令查看所需的RPM包是否存在，通常是“xxx-devel”不存在，需要安装）。RedHat可以直接利用CentOS的RPM包安装，以下是RPM包下载网址：

①、RedHat AS4 & CentOS 4

http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/i386/CentOS/RPMS/

http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/

②、RedHat AS5 & CentOS 5

http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/i386/CentOS/

http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/x86_64/CentOS/

③、RPM包搜索网站

http://rpm.pbone.net/

http://www.rpmfind.net/

④、RedHat AS4 系统环境，通常情况下缺少的支持包安装：

Ⅰ、i386 系统

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm

rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm

rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm

rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm

Ⅱ、x86_64 系统

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm

rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm

rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm

rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm

3、【适用CentOS、RedHat及其它Linux操作系统】下载程序源码包：

本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到2010年07月26日的最新稳定版。

①、从软件的官方网站下载：

mkdir -p /data0/software

cd /data0/software

wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz

wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.14.tar.gz/from/this/mirror

wget http://php-fpm.org/downloads/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz

wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz/from/http://mysql.he.net/

wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz

wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz?modtime=1171868460&big_mirror=0"

wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz?modtime=1194463373&big_mirror=0"

wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.5.tgz

wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz?modtime=1175740843&big_mirror=0"

wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz

wget http://bart.eaccelerator.net/source/0.9.6.1/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2

wget http://pecl.php.net/get/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz

wget http://pecl.php.net/get/imagick-2.3.0.tgz

②、从blog.s135.com下载（比较稳定，只允许在本站，或者在Linux/Unix下通过Wget、Curl等命令下载以下软件）：

mkdir -p /data0/software

cd /data0/software

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/php/php-5.2.14.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/phpfpm/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mysql/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/memcache/memcache-2.2.5.tgz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/eaccelerator/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pdo/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/imagick-2.3.0.tgz

二、安装PHP 5.2.14（FastCGI模式）

1、编译安装PHP 5.2.14所需的支持库：

tar zxvf libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz

cd libiconv-1.13.1/

./configure --prefix=/usr/local

make

make install

cd ../

tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz

cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/

./configure

make

make install

/sbin/ldconfig

cd libltdl/

./configure --enable-ltdl-install

make

make install

cd ../../

tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz

cd mhash-0.9.9.9/

./configure

make

make install

cd ../

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.la /usr/lib/libmcrypt.la

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.a /usr/lib/libmhash.a

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.la /usr/lib/libmhash.la

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so /usr/lib/libmhash.so

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1

ln -s /usr/local/bin/libmcrypt-config /usr/bin/libmcrypt-config

tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz

cd mcrypt-2.6.8/

/sbin/ldconfig

./configure

make

make install

cd ../

2、编译安装MySQL 5.5.3-m3

/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql

/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql

tar zxvf mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz

cd mysql-5.5.3-m3/

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables --with-readline --with-ssl --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile --with-plugins=partition,innobase,myisammrg

make && make install

chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql

chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql

cd ../

附：以下为附加步骤，如果你想在这台服务器上运行MySQL数据库，则执行以下几步。如果你只是希望让PHP支持MySQL扩展库，能够连接其他服务器上的MySQL数据库，那么，以下两步无需执行。

①、创建MySQL数据库存放目录

mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/data/

mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/

mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/

chown -R mysql:mysql /data0/mysql/

②、以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表：

/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/data0/mysql/3306/data --user=mysql

③、创建my.cnf配置文件：

vi /data0/mysql/3306/my.cnf

输入以下内容：

[client]

character-set-server = utf8

port    = 3306

socket = /tmp/mysql.sock

[mysqld]

character-set-server = utf8

replicate-ignore-db = mysql

replicate-ignore-db = test

replicate-ignore-db = information_schema

user    = mysql

port    = 3306

socket = /tmp/mysql.sock

basedir = /usr/local/webserver/mysql

datadir = /data0/mysql/3306/data

log-error = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql_error.log

pid-file = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql.pid

open_files_limit    = 10240

back_log = 600

max_connections = 5000

max_connect_errors = 6000

table_cache = 614

external-locking = FALSE

max_allowed_packet = 32M

sort_buffer_size = 1M

join_buffer_size = 1M

thread_cache_size = 300

#thread_concurrency = 8

query_cache_size = 512M

query_cache_limit = 2M

query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k

default-storage-engine = MyISAM

thread_stack = 192K

transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED

tmp_table_size = 246M

max_heap_table_size = 246M

long_query_time = 3

log-slave-updates

log-bin = /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/binlog

binlog_cache_size = 4M

binlog_format = MIXED

max_binlog_cache_size = 8M

max_binlog_size = 1G

relay-log-index = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog

relay-log-info-file = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog

relay-log = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog

expire_logs_days = 30

key_buffer_size = 256M

read_buffer_size = 1M

read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M

bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M

myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M

myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G

myisam_repair_threads = 1

myisam_recover

interactive_timeout = 120

wait_timeout = 120

skip-name-resolve

#master-connect-retry = 10

slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,126,1114,1146,1048,1396

#master-host     =   192.168.1.2

#master-user     =   username

#master-password =   password

#master-port     = 3306

server-id = 1

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M

innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512M

innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:256M:autoextend

innodb_file_io_threads = 4

innodb_thread_concurrency = 8

innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2

innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M

innodb_log_file_size = 128M

innodb_log_files_in_group = 3

innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90

innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120

innodb_file_per_table = 0

#log-slow-queries = /data0/mysql/3306/slow.log

#long_query_time = 10

[mysqldump]

quick

max_allowed_packet = 32M

④、创建管理MySQL数据库的shell脚本：

vi /data0/mysql/3306/mysql

输入以下内容（这里的用户名admin和密码12345678接下来的步骤会创建）：

#!/bin/sh

mysql_port=3306

mysql_username="admin"

mysql_password="12345678"

function_start_mysql()

{

    printf "Starting MySQL...\n"

    /bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/my.cnf 2>&1 > /dev/null &

}

function_stop_mysql()

{

    printf "Stoping MySQL...\n"

    /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_username} -p${mysql_password} -S /tmp/mysql.sock shutdown

}

function_restart_mysql()

{

    printf "Restarting MySQL...\n"

    function_stop_mysql

    sleep 5

    function_start_mysql

}

function_kill_mysql()

{

    kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'bin/mysqld_safe' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')

    kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'libexec/mysqld' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')

}

if [ "$1" = "start" ]; then

    function_start_mysql

elif [ "$1" = "stop" ]; then

    function_stop_mysql

elif [ "$1" = "restart" ]; then

function_restart_mysql

elif [ "$1" = "kill" ]; then

function_kill_mysql

else

    printf "Usage: /data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/mysql {start|stop|restart|kill}\n"

fi

⑤、赋予shell脚本可执行权限：

chmod +x /data0/mysql/3306/mysql

⑥、启动MySQL：

/data0/mysql/3306/mysql start

⑦、通过命令行登录管理MySQL服务器（提示输入密码时直接回车）：

/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql -u root -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock

⑧、输入以下SQL语句，创建一个具有root权限的用户（admin）和密码（12345678）：

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';

⑨、（可选）停止MySQL：

/data0/mysql/3306/mysql stop

3、编译安装PHP（FastCGI模式）

tar zxvf php-5.2.14.tar.gz

gzip -cd php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.14 -p1

cd php-5.2.14/

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl --with-mhash --enable-pcntl --enable-sockets --with-ldap --with-ldap-sasl --with-xmlrpc --enable-zip --enable-soap

make ZEND_EXTRA_LIBS='-liconv'

make install

cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

cd ../

4、编译安装PHP5扩展模块

tar zxvf memcache-2.2.5.tgz

cd memcache-2.2.5/

/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize

./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config

make

make install

cd ../

tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2

cd eaccelerator-0.9.6.1/

/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize

./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config

make

make install

cd ../

tar zxvf PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz

cd PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2/

/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize

./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql

make

make install

cd ../

tar zxvf ImageMagick.tar.gz

cd ImageMagick-6.5.1-2/

./configure

make

make install

cd ../

tar zxvf imagick-2.3.0.tgz

cd imagick-2.3.0/

/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize

./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config

make

make install

cd ../

5、修改php.ini文件

手工修改：查找/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = "./"

修改为extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"

并在此行后增加以下几行，然后保存：

extension = "memcache.so"

extension = "pdo_mysql.so"

extension = "imagick.so"

再查找output_buffering = Off

修改为output_buffering = On

再查找; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0

修改为cgi.fix_pathinfo=0，防止Nginx文件类型错误解析漏洞。

自动修改：若嫌手工修改麻烦，可执行以下shell命令，自动完成对php.ini文件的修改：

sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\nextension = "pdo_mysql.so"\nextension = "imagick.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

sed -i 's#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

sed -i "s#; always_populate_raw_post_data = On#always_populate_raw_post_data = On#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

sed -i "s#; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

6、配置eAccelerator加速PHP：

mkdir -p /usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache

vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

按shift+g键跳到配置文件的最末尾，加上以下配置信息：

[eaccelerator]

zend_extension="/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so"

eaccelerator.shm_size="64"

eaccelerator.cache_dir="/usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache"

eaccelerator.enable="1"

eaccelerator.optimizer="1"

eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"

eaccelerator.debug="0"

eaccelerator.filter=""

eaccelerator.shm_max="0"

eaccelerator.shm_ttl="3600"

eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="3600"

eaccelerator.shm_only="0"

eaccelerator.compress="1"

eaccelerator.compress_level="9"

7、创建www用户和组，以及供blog.s135.com和www.s135.com两个虚拟主机使用的目录：

/usr/sbin/groupadd www

/usr/sbin/useradd -g www www

mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/blog

chmod +w /data0/htdocs/blog

chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/blog

mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/www

chmod +w /data0/htdocs/www

chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/www

8、创建php-fpm配置文件（php-fpm是为PHP打的一个FastCGI管理补丁，可以平滑变更php.ini配置而无需重启php-cgi）：

在/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/目录中创建php-fpm.conf文件：

rm -f /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf

vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf

输入以下内容（如果您安装 Nginx + PHP 用于程序调试，请将以下的<value name="display_errors">0</value>改为<value name="display_errors">1</value>，以便显示PHP错误信息，否则，Nginx 会报状态为500的空白错误页）：

<?xml version="1.0" ?>

<configuration>

All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix

<section name="global_options">

    Pid file

    <value name="pid_file">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid</value>

    Error log file

    <value name="error_log">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log</value>

    Log level

    <value name="log_level">notice</value>

    When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ...

    <value name="emergency_restart_threshold">10</value>

    ... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated.

    Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory.

    <value name="emergency_restart_interval">1m</value>

    Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master

    <value name="process_control_timeout">5s</value>

    Set to 'no' to debug fpm

    <value name="daemonize">yes</value>

</section>

<workers>

    <section name="pool">

      Name of pool. Used in logs and stats.

      <value name="name">default</value>

      Address to accept fastcgi requests on.

      Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket'

      <value name="listen_address">127.0.0.1:9000</value>

      <value name="listen_options">

        Set listen(2) backlog

        <value name="backlog">-1</value>

        Set permissions for unix socket, if one used.

        In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server.

        Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.

        <value name="owner"></value>

        <value name="group"></value>

        <value name="mode">0666</value>

      </value>

      Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers.

      <value name="php_defines">

        <value name="sendmail_path">/usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i</value>

        <value name="display_errors">0</value>

      </value>

      Unix user of processes

      <value name="user">www</value>

      Unix group of processes

      <value name="group">www</value>

      Process manager settings

      <value name="pm">

        Sets style of controling worker process count.

        Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like'

        <value name="style">static</value>

        Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served.

        Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive.

        Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi

        Used with any pm_style.

        <value name="max_children">128</value>

        Settings group for 'apache-like' pm style

        <value name="apache_like">

          Sets the number of server processes created on startup.

          Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected

          <value name="StartServers">20</value>

          Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes.

          Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected

          <value name="MinSpareServers">5</value>

          Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes.

          Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected

          <value name="MaxSpareServers">35</value>

        </value>

      </value>

      The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated

      Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not stop script execution for some reason

      '0s' means 'off'

      <value name="request_terminate_timeout">0s</value>

      The timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file

      '0s' means 'off'

      <value name="request_slowlog_timeout">0s</value>

      The log file for slow requests

      <value name="slowlog">logs/slow.log</value>

      Set open file desc rlimit

      <value name="rlimit_files">65535</value>

      Set max core size rlimit

      <value name="rlimit_core">0</value>

      Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute path

      <value name="chroot"></value>

      Chdir to this directory at the start, absolute path

      <value name="chdir"></value>

      Redirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log.

      If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs

      <value name="catch_workers_output">yes</value>

      How much requests each process should execute before respawn.

      Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries.

      For endless request processing please specify 0

      Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS

      <value name="max_requests">1024</value>

      Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect.

      Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+)

      Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.

      <value name="allowed_clients">127.0.0.1</value>

      Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH

      All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment

      <value name="environment">

        <value name="HOSTNAME">$HOSTNAME</value>

        <value name="PATH">/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin</value>

        <value name="TMP">/tmp</value>

        <value name="TMPDIR">/tmp</value>

        <value name="TEMP">/tmp</value>

        <value name="OSTYPE">$OSTYPE</value>

        <value name="MACHTYPE">$MACHTYPE</value>

        <value name="MALLOC_CHECK_">2</value>

      </value>

    </section>

</workers>

</configuration>

9、启动php-cgi进程，监听127.0.0.1的9000端口，进程数为128（如果服务器内存小于3GB，可以只开启64个进程），用户为www：

ulimit -SHn 65535

/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start

注：/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm还有其他参数，包括：start|stop|quit|restart|reload|logrotate，修改php.ini后不重启php-cgi，重新加载配置文件使用reload。

三、安装Nginx 0.8.46

1、安装Nginx所需的pcre库：

tar zxvf pcre-8.10.tar.gz

cd pcre-8.10/

./configure

make && make install

cd ../

2、安装Nginx

tar zxvf nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz

cd nginx-0.8.46/

./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module

make && make install

cd ../

3、创建Nginx日志目录

mkdir -p /data1/logs

chmod +w /data1/logs

chown -R www:www /data1/logs

4、创建Nginx配置文件

①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建nginx.conf文件：

rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

输入以下内容：

user www www;

worker_processes 8;

error_log /data1/logs/nginx_error.log crit;

pid        /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;

#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.

worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;

events

{

use epoll;

worker_connections 65535;

}

http

{

include       mime.types;

default_type application/octet-stream;

#charset gb2312;



server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;

client_header_buffer_size 32k;

large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;

client_max_body_size 8m;



sendfile on;

tcp_nopush     on;

keepalive_timeout 60;

tcp_nodelay on;

fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;

fastcgi_send_timeout 300;

fastcgi_read_timeout 300;

fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;

fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;

fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;

fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;

gzip on;

gzip_min_length 1k;

gzip_buffers     4 16k;

gzip_http_version 1.0;

gzip_comp_level 2;

gzip_types       text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;

gzip_vary on;

#limit_zone crawler $binary_remote_addr 10m;

server

{

    listen       80;

    server_name blog.s135.com;

    index index.html index.htm index.php;

    root /data0/htdocs/blog;

    #limit_conn   crawler 20;



    location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$

    {

      #fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;

      fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

      fastcgi_index index.php;

      include fcgi.conf;

    }



    location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$

    {

      expires      30d;

    }

    location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$

    {

      expires      1h;

    }

    log_format access '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '

              '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '

              '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';

    access_log /data1/logs/access.log access;

      }

server

{

    listen       80;

    server_name www.s135.com;

    index index.html index.htm index.php;

    root /data0/htdocs/www;

    location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$

    {

      #fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;

      fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

      fastcgi_index index.php;

      include fcgi.conf;

    }

    log_format wwwlogs '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '

               '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '

               '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';

    access_log /data1/logs/wwwlogs.log wwwlogs;

}

server

{

    listen 80;

    server_name status.blog.s135.com;

    location / {

    stub_status on;

    access_log   off;

    }

}

}

②、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建fcgi.conf文件：

vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf

输入以下内容：

fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1;

fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE    nginx;

fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING       $query_string;

fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD     $request_method;

fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE       $content_type;

fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH     $content_length;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;

fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI        $request_uri;

fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI       $document_uri;

fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT      $document_root;

fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL    $server_protocol;

fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR        $remote_addr;

fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT        $remote_port;

fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR        $server_addr;

fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT        $server_port;

fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME        $server_name;

# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect

fastcgi_param REDIRECT_STATUS    200;

5、启动Nginx

ulimit -SHn 65535

/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx

四、配置开机自动启动Nginx + PHP

vi /etc/rc.local

在末尾增加以下内容：

ulimit -SHn 65535

/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start

/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx

五、优化Linux内核参数

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

在末尾增加以下内容：

# Add

net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536

net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 32768

net.core.somaxconn = 32768

net.core.wmem_default = 8388608

net.core.rmem_default = 8388608

net.core.rmem_max = 16777216

net.core.wmem_max = 16777216

net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0

net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2

net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2

net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1

#net.ipv4.tcp_tw_len = 1

net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1

net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000

net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800

#net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30

#net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 120

net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535

使配置立即生效：

/sbin/sysctl -p

六、在不停止Nginx服务的情况下平滑变更Nginx配置

1、修改/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件后，请执行以下命令检查配置文件是否正确：

/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -t

如果屏幕显示以下两行信息，说明配置文件正确：

the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully

2、平滑重启：

①、对于Nginx 0.8.x版本，现在平滑重启Nginx配置非常简单，执行以下命令即可：

/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

②、对于Nginx 0.8.x之前的版本，平滑重启稍微麻烦一些，按照以下步骤进行即可。输入以下命令查看Nginx主进程号：

ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'

屏幕显示的即为Nginx主进程号，例如：

6302

这时，执行以下命令即可使修改过的Nginx配置文件生效：

kill -HUP 6302

或者无需这么麻烦，找到Nginx的Pid文件：

kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`

七、编写每天定时切割Nginx日志的脚本

1、创建脚本/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh

vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh

输入以下内容：

#!/bin/bash

# This script run at 00:00

# The Nginx logs path

logs_path="/usr/local/webserver/nginx/logs/"

mkdir -p ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/

mv ${logs_path}access.log ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/access_$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y%m%d").log

kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`

2、设置crontab，每天凌晨00:00切割nginx访问日志

crontab -e

输入以下内容：

00 00 * * * /bin/bash /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh

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