学习时间：2022年12月10日至

Lesson 1 - A Puma at large

课文

Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw ‘a large cat’ only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of "cat-like noises’ at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.

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单词讲解

• puma n.美洲狮
• spot v.看出，发现；n.斑点，地点，少量
  • on the spot 在现场
  • evidence n.证据 evident a.明显的，清楚的
    a piece of evidence
    self-evident a.不证自明的，显而易见的
    延伸词：court n.法院
• accumulate v.积累，积聚
  accumulate possessions积累财富
  • 近义词：amass vt.积聚，积累(L59):amass possessions/a fortunate积累财富
  • pile v.堆积，积累 pile up 堆积，积累(L33)
    collect
    gather v.收集，聚集
    hoard v.囤积（尤指没有必要这么做）；n.贮藏
• oblige v.使……感到必须 obligation n.责任，义务
  • be/feel obliged to do sth. 有责任/义务做某事，不得不做某事
  • be/feel compelled to do sth. 不得不做某事，必须做某事
  • be/feel impelled to do sth. 不得不做某事，必须做某事
  • be obliged to sb. for sth. 因为某事而感谢某人
• hunt n.追猎；寻找
  hunt for
  blackberry n.黑莓
• human being 人类（可数）
  • a human being，human beings
    近义词：man，mankind，humankind，human race，humanity
• corner v.使走投无路，使陷入困境
• trail n.一串，一系列（量词）
• print n.印痕
• cling v.粘
  cling to
• convince v.使……信服 convincing a.令人信服的
  • convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
    例句：He failed to convince the jury of his innocence.
  • cure sb. of sth.
    inform sb. of sth.
    remind sb. of sth.
    rob sb. of sth.
    deprive sb. of sth.
    assure sb. of sth.
• somehow ad.不知怎么搞地，不知什么原因
  somewhat
  somewhere
• disturb v.令人不安,打扰
  • 例句：Do not disturb.
    Sorry to disturb you, but I really need you help.

课文讲解

• at large 在逃的，未被控制住的，未被捕获的
  a puma (which was) at large.定语从句，关系代词which作主语，其后紧跟be动词的话，可将作主语的which和be动词省略。

无灵主语/物称主语（inanimate subject）

示例→

• When reports came into London Zoo.
• l thought of a good idea.(人称主语)
  A good idea came into my mind.(物称主语)
  A good idea flashed my mind.(物称主语)
• He went to the town on business.(人称主语)
  Business took him to the town.(物称主语)
• A warm and sunny Sunday found my whole family going for anouting at the beach.(物称主语)

同位语从句和定语从句的区别(课文第二句that同位语从句)

1. 从定义上看：
   同位语从句解释前面名词的具体内容；
   而定语从句仅起到后置定语的作用，常译为“……的”；
2. 从形式上看：
   同位语从句中的“that”仅起到连接符号的作用，不充当语法成分；
   而定语从句中的“that”是关系代词，在从句定充当主语、宾语或表语。

示例→
The proposal that John should be dismissed is unacceptable.（同位语从句）
The proposal that John put forward is unacceptable.（定语从句）

• take……seriously重视
  take……lightly轻视
• 引导原因状语从句的连词：because、since、as、for、in that、now(that)（L8）等。
• 非谓语动词作后置定语：a woman picking blackberries
• “claim to have done……”（强调在“声称”前发生）——动词不定式的完成时。使用场景：固定搭配是to do，且同时要表示先发生。如不强调先发生，则使用“claim to do……”即可。
• 仅仅：only，just，merely，no more than……
• prove (to be)+ a./n. 被证明是……
  

  His injury proved (to be) fatal.
  The operation proved (to be) a success.

• turn out to be +a./n. 原来是……（强调出乎意料）
  

  Eric’s girlfriend turned out to be his half-sister.

• 疑问词+ever（whenever，wherever，whoever，whichever，whatever……）有两个含义：
  1、 表示“无论……”，引导让步状语从句。=no matter + 疑问词
  2、表示“到底……”，用于疑问句中。

  "Whatever are you doing up here Bill ?"asked the vicar in surprise.
  Wherever did you go yesterday?
  When ever am I going to see you again?（表示“到底”的疑问句中“When ever”可分开）

• 主语补足语
  

  As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the Country……
  The fire was reported controlled.（主语补足语，简洁）
  It is reported that the fire was controlled.（复合句，啰嗦）

• complain of/about sth. 抱怨某事
• be convinced that…… 完全相信……
  与“convince sb. of sth.”相比，缺少“of”。原因：that从句不用在介词后边，故删去“of”。然而有几个特例：in that……，except/but that……。
• must have done 表示对过去发生事情的推测（语气较肯定）
  

  You must have been ill yesterday. You looked so pale.

• may/might have done 表示对过去发生事情的推测（语气较弱）
• can not/could not have done 表示对过去的否定推测
  

  You can’t have been ill yesterday. I saw you going shopping with your wife.

• should/ought to have done 责备应该做而未做的事
  should not/ought not to have done 责备不该做而已做的事

  You Should have finished your work yesterday.
  I shouldn’t have shouted at you yesterday.

• in the possession of sb./in one’s possession 归某人所有
  in possession of sth. 某人拥有某物

  The book is in my possession.
  I’m in possession of the book.

• in the charge of sb./in one’s charge 归某人掌管
  in charge of sth. 某人掌管某物

  The bookstore is in my charge.
  I’m charge of the bookstore.

• manage to do 设法完成了某事
  fail to do 未能完成某事
• go on 持续
• It is……to think that……
  It is worrying to think that……
  It is exciting to think that……
  It is comforting to think that……
  It is amusing to think that……
  It is irritating to think that……

Lesson 2 - Thirteen equals one

课文

Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired. The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since.
One night, however, our vicar work up with a start: the clock was striking the hours! Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on. In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer.
‘Whatever are you doing up here Bill?’ asked the vicar in surprise.
‘I’m trying to repair the bell,’ answered Bill. ‘I’ve been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.’
‘You certainly did give me a surprise!’ said the vicar. ‘You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.’
That’s the trouble, vicar,’ answered Bill. ‘It’s working all right, but I’m afraid that at one o’clock it will strike thirteen times and there’s nothing I can do about it."
We’ll get used to that, Bill,’ said the vicar. "Thirteen is not as good as one, but it’s better than nothing. Now let’s go downstairs and have a cup of tea.’

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单词讲解

• equal v.等于；n.相匹敌者；a.相等的

  • v.：He equaled the world record.他持平了世界纪录。
    Nobody equals him in strength.=
    Nobody matches him in strength.没人能在力量上与他相匹敌。
  • n.：In English she has no egual in her class.
    近义：be/stand head and shoulders above sb.
    be much better than others
    明显超过他人，鹤立鸡群
  • a.：Women demand equal pay for equal Work.女性要求同工同酬。A is equal to B A与B相等
  • equality n.[u] 平等
    racial equality 种族平等
    sexual equality 性别平等

• raise v.募集，筹措；举起来

  • v.1 举起
    raise one’s hand 举手
    raise one’s voice 提高音量
    raise one’s hat to sb. 向某人脱帽致意
    raise one’s glass to sb. 向某人敬酒
    raise the roof（屋顶） 大怒
  • v.2 养活，饲养
    raise pigs 养猪
    He has a big family to raise.他有一大家子人要去养活。
  • v.3 募集
    We’re raising a fund for orphans.我们正在为孤儿募集一笔基金。
  • n.1 涨工资
    ——You look happy today.
    ——Yes. I got araise.
  • 形近词：
    rise 升起来
    arise arose arisen （问题，困难）出现了
    例句：Problems arose. 问题出现了。
    arouse 激起某人的某种情绪
    arouse one’s pity/anger……
  • grocer grocery

课文讲解

• be always doing sth. 总是做某事（含厌烦意）
  =be forever doing sth.
  =be constantly/continually doing sth.
  =keep (on) doing sth.
  =do sth. all the time

  He is always being late. 他总是迟到。
  People are always talking about the problems of youth. 人们老是谈论年轻人的问题。
  The boys are constantly/continually arguing. 这些男孩总是在争执。

• one…… or another 各种各样的……
  

  • one cause or another 各种各样的理由
    He is always asking me for money for one cause or another. 他总是以各种理由管我要钱。
    Beginners will err at one time or another. 初学者经常会犯错。
    Everyone can contribute to society in one way or another. 每个人都可以以各种各样的方式为社会做贡献。
  • one…… after another 一个又一个的
    one day after another 日复一日的
    encounter one difficulty after another 遭遇了一个又一个困难
    achieve one success after another 取得了一次又一次成功

• have sth. done 请某人做某事;表示某种（不愉快的）遭遇/经历
  

  I’m going to have my hair cut this weekend. 我周末要去理发。
  King Charles I had his head cut off. 国王查理一世被砍头了。
  The house had its window broken in the explosion. 这座房子的窗户在爆炸时碎了。（无灵主语）

• 无灵主语举例：
  

  He lost his confidence.
  =Confidence deserted him.
  I couldn’t sleep that night.
  =That night sleep eluded me.
  We only travelled half the distance at sunset.
  =Sunset met us halfway.
  The past few years witnessed the great influx of foreigners to China, for travelling, studies or business.

• used to（动词不定式） do 过去常常（现在不这样了）
  

  I used to get up early. 我以前常常早起。

• be/become/get used to（介词） n./doing 习惯于做某事
  

  I’m used to getting up early.
  'We’ll get used to that Bill,'said the vicar.

• be accustomed to（doing) sth. 习惯于做某事
  

  For men accustomed to eating Seven
  course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home，the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.

• strike the hours 钟打点报时
  

  It would strike twelve in twenty minutes.

• ever since: adv./prep./conj. 从那以后一直……（用完成时）（比since语气更重些）
  

  You know how she feels about you. lt’s been the same way ever since we were kids.

• wake (up): vi&vt. 醒了；唤醒……
  

  The doorbell rang loud enough to wake the dead. 门铃响得足以把死人吵醒。

  • go/get to sleep = fall asleep 入睡，睡着了
  • toss and turn 辗转反侧
    I was tossing and turning all night.
  • insomnia 失眠症
    He suffered from insomnia.
  • sit up = stay up 熬夜
    He sat up all night, preparing for the exam.
  • night owl 夜猫子
    He is a night owl.

• start n.激灵（由于恐惧或惊讶身体突然的一动）；机动车的发动/启动
  

  wake (up) with a start 一激灵惊醒了
  She woke from the dream with a start.

• with+名词 作状语修饰谓语动词
  

  The officer went through the case with great care. 官员非常仔细地检查了箱子。
  He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
  Then I added with a smile. 我微笑着补充说。
  His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease.
  She faced the difficulty calmly. 她平静地面对困难。
  = She faced the difficulty with calmness.
  I looked at her curiously.
  = I looked at her with curiously.
  She spoke to me tenderly.
  =She spoke to me with tenderness.
  I greeted Philip enthusiastically. 我热情地向菲利浦问候。
  =I greeted Philip with enthusiasm.

• 非谓语动词作时间状语
  

  Looking at his watch，he saw that it Was one o’clock…… 非谓语动词作时间状语
  When he looked at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock. 如果状语从句的主语跟主句的主语一致，那么状语就可用非谓语动词表达，而不一定非要状语从句。
  非谓语（doing；done；to do）作状语时，一般情况下其隐含的主语应该与主句主语保持一致。
  错误示例：Looking at his watch it was one o’clock.

• before的译法
  

  强调主句的时间很长时，译为“才”。
  It will be a long time before we meet again.
  强调主句的时间很短时，译为“就”。
  I hadn’t waited long before he came.

• arm
  

  arm sb. with sth. 用某物将某人武装起来
  Armed with a torch，the vicar went up into the clock tower……（被动）
  sb. carry sth.
  Carrying a torch，the vicar went up into the clock tower.（主动）

• go on v.发生（多用进行时表示正在发生的事）
  

  What’s going on here?

  • 表示发生的词：
    意料之外：happen，occur，come up，come about
    意料之中：take place
    The funeral will take place on Monday.
    表示不幸之事的发生：strike
    Most people were fast asleep when the earthquake struck. 当地震突发，大多数人尚在沉睡之中。
    随之发生：ensue
    I objected to his advice and a heated argument ensued. 我反对他的建议，一场激烈的争执随之发生了。
    两件事碰巧同时发生：Coincide(with……）
    When I came，he was just about to leave.（较口语）
    =My arrival coincided with his departure.（较正式）

• 一眼看见：
  catch sight of……
  catch a glimpse of……
  glimpse
• recognize A as B 认出A是B
  I recognized her as one of my classmates.
• 四种常见音变
  

  1. s+j=ʃ
     this year
     Bless you.
     I promise you.
  2. t+j=tʃ
     last year
     don’t you
     won’t you
     statue
  3. d+j=dʒ
     did you
     would you
     graduate
     credulous
  4. z+j=ʒ
     May I use your book?
     How’s your father?

• 疑问词+ever作“到底”，加强疑问句的语气。同义词：
  

  • on earth
    What on earth has happened to trouble you so? 到底出了什么事让你有这么大的麻烦？
  • in the world
    What in the world are you doing here at seven in the morning? 早上七点你到底在这干嘛呢？
  • in God’s/heaven’s name（口语）
    What in God’s name was that huge bang? 那个“邦”地一声到底是什么？
    Where in heaven’s name have you been? 你到底去哪了？
  • the hell（粗话）
    What the hell was that noise? 这他妈的是什么声音？
    How the hell are we going to do that? 我们到底他妈怎么做这件事？

• have been doing 现在完成进行时：表示持续性的动作一直到现在，而且还有可能继续下去。
• night after night = night by night = every night = one night after another 夜复一夜
  日复一日night换成day，其他不变。
• for weeks 好几周了
  

  for hours 好几小时了
  for months 好几个月了
  for years 好几年了
  for centuries 好几百年了

• was/were hoping…… 表达一种试探性的，委婉的语气，而非正在希望。
  

  I was hoping you could marry me.

• 强调肯定式（emphatic positive）
  在肯定句和析使句中，在谓语动词前加上助动词do以加强语气。只用于一般现在时（do，does）和一般过去时（did）中。

  I do need a car.
  He does speak English well.
  So you did come after all. 所以你终究还是来了。
  Come in. → Do come in.
  Shut up! → Do shut up!

• as well…… 也……
  as well as…… 除了……之外，也……

  You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well (as me). （“我”已知，可省略，连带介词“as”一块省略。）

• still 尽管如此，还是……
  

  近义词：nevertheless，nonetheless，all the same，just the same。
  The girl is not beautiful. Still/nevertheless/……,I like her very much.

• Still, I’m glad (that) the bell is working again. 形容词补足语
• there is nothing I can do about it 对此我无能为力
  

  The telephone is out of order，and there is nothing I can do about it.
  I know you are not satisfied, but there is nothing I can do about it.
  We apologize for this，but there is nothing we can do about it.

• as good as:①和……一样好；②几乎……；和……差不多，近义词：almost
  The injured man is as good as dead. 这个病人奄奄一息。
  Everything is as good as settled. 每件事都差不多解决了。
• be not one’s cup of tea 是某人不喜欢的事
  

  Swimming is not my cup of tea. 我不喜欢游泳。

• make tea 沏茶
  make water 撒尿

Lesson 3 - An unknown goddess

课文

Some time ago, and interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses – often three storeys high – were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. The city was equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.
The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. It’s missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.

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单词讲解

• archaeologist[英], archeologist[美] n.考古学家

  archaeology, archeology 考古学
  词根1：arch(a)=ancient 古代的
  archaic a.古代的，古老的 archaic words 古文字archaic civilizations 古文明
  词根2：(o)logy=to study
  词根3：-ist “人”
  archaeology - archaeologist,
  biology - biologist 生物学 - 生物学家
  geology - geologist 地质学 - 地质学家（geo=earth）
  psychology - psychologist 心理学 - 心理学家，心理学医生（psych=mind 精神，心智）
  physiology - physiologist 生理学 - 生理学家（physical a.身体的；物理的）
  anthropology - anthropologist 人类学 - 人类学家（anthrop n.人类）

• prosperous a.（经济上）繁荣的
  

  a prosperous country/businessman
  prosperity n.[u]繁荣 economic prosperity 经济的繁荣
  prosper v.
  A company can’t prosper without investment. 公司如果没有投资就难以兴旺繁荣。
  近义词：thrive/flourish（本意指植物枝繁叶茂）
  A company can’t thrive/flourish without investment. 公司如果没有投资就难以兴旺繁荣。
  plants that thrive/flourish in tropical rainforests 在热带雨林中野蛮生长的植物
  a thriving/flourishing tourist industry（形容词） 繁荣兴旺的旅游业

• storey[英],story[美] n.楼层（表示建筑总共的层数）
  

  复数：storeys[英],stories[美]
  a two-story house 一栋两层楼的房子（名词作定语用单数）
  The house is two stories high. 这栋楼有两层高。
  a multi-story parking lot 一个多层的停车场
  辨析：floor表示第几层

英美楼层辨析表格：

	美式	美式
阁楼	attic	（同左）
顶层	the top floor	（同左）
……	……	……
二层	the first floor	the second floor
一层	the ground floor	the first floor
地下室	basement	（同左）

• sacred a.宗教的，神圣的

  a sacred holiday 一个宗教节日
  sacred music 圣乐
  Mecca is a sacred place. 麦加是一处圣地。
  近义词：holy 举例：Holy Bible 圣经，holy water 圣水，a holy war 圣战
  blessed 举例：the Blessed Virgin Mary 圣母玛丽
  It is more blessed to give than to receive. 失比受更有福。
  divine 神的，上帝的，神性的

• remains n.遗物，遗迹，废墟（一般用复数）
  

  the remains of a meal 一顿剩饭
  the remains of ancient Rome 古罗马遗址
  His remains are buried in the churchyard. 他的遗体被埋葬在了教堂墓地。
  其余的，剩余的：
  the rest of sth. （较通俗）
  the remainder of sth. （较文雅）
  the rest of the semester = the remainder of the semester 这个学期剩余的部分
  what is left of sth.
  what remains of sth.
  …… what was left of the cake.
  …… what remained of a bottle of medicine ……

• classical a.古代（希腊和罗马）文化的
  

  • classical studies ~研究
    classical music 古典乐
    辨析：classic a.经典的，最棒的，第一流的
    a classic novel 一部经典小说 一部古典小说
  • 扩充：加al后，含义发生变化的形容词：
    electric a.电的，电动的 an electric light/razor
    electrical a.电的，与店相关的 electrical failure 停电
    historic a.有历史意义的 a historic moment
    historical a.历史的 historical records 历史记录
    economic a.经济的，经济方面的 economic policy
    economical a.节约的，节省的 an economical car 节能车/省油车
    politic a.策略的，明智的 a politic decision
    political a.政治的，政治学的 political asylum 政治避难

• rest v.倚放，放置
  

  • Her elbows rested on the table. （不及物）她的胳臂肘搭在了桌子上。
    She rested her head against a cushion. （及物）她把头靠在了一个垫子上。
  • rest on/upon 基于，以……为基础（主动）
    Columbus’ decision to sail west rests on his belief that the world is round. 哥伦布向西航行的决定，是基于他相信地球是圆的。
    be based/founded on/ upon（被动）
    depend on/ upon（主动）
    rely on/ upon（主动）
    Don’t always depend on others. You should learn to rely on yourself.

课文讲解

• make a discovery(of……) 做出了一个发现（用名词更显正式）

  use → make use of(……) → make the best use of(……) 最好的使用……
  He made the best use of his talent. 他充分利用了自己的才能。
  describe描述 → make a vivid description of……
  investigate调查 → make a thorough investigation of…… 对……做彻底的调查
  summarize → make a comprehensive summary of…… 对……做全面的总结
  analyze → make a detailed analysis of…… 对……做细致的分析

• of引出地点名
  

  the city of Beijing
  the promontory of Ayia Irini
  the novel of Three Kingdoms （错）
  the novel entitled Three Kingdoms（对）引出作品等的名称
  the man named/called Vincent 引出人名

• 位于某地
  be located/ situated/ sited（被动）
  stand/ sit/ lie（一般指大面积的建筑群）（主动）

  The house stand/sits on top of a hill overlooking the town. 这座房子坐落在山顶，俯瞰着整个镇子。

• at one time = once 曾经
  

  at a time 一次，每一次……

• enjoy 享有
  

  enjoy good health
  enjoy a high standard of living 享有高水平的生活
  “有”归纳
  be blessed with…… （幸福地）拥有……
  They were blessed with two children, a boy and a girl.
  be endowed with…… 有好的东西（先天的）
  She is endowed with both brains and beauty. 她才貌双全。
  boast 人做主语，意为吹牛、夸海口；物作主语，意为有好的东西
  There is a lot of beautiful scenery in China.
  → China boasts a lot of beautiful scenery.

• with表示从属关系
  

  They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls.
  a girl with blue eyes
  a mug with a broken handle 一个柄碎了的马克杯

• decorate v.装饰，装点（及物）
• equip A with B 给A装配上B/把B装配到A上
  

  be equipped with…… 被装备着……
  equipment n.设备（不可数） a piece of equipment
  The classrooms are equipped with modern multimedia teaching equipment. 这些教室配备着现代化多媒体教学设备。

• drainage 排水（不可数） drain下水道（可数）
• 很多的
  

  a great many (of) +可数
  a great number of +可数
  a great amount/deal of +不可数
  a lot of +可数不可数皆可

• 上下方位
  

  beneath = underneath 在……下面（紧贴着）
  反义词：on 在……上面（紧贴着）
  under 在……下面（有间隔）
  反义词：over 在……上面（有间隔）
  below 低于
  反义词：above 高于

• be used as…… 被当作……使用（被动）
  

  The wooden box is used as a seat. 这个木箱被用作座位。
  act/serve/function as…… （主动）
  The wooden box acts/serves/functions as a seat.

• B.C.(BC): Before Christ 公元前
  A.D.(AD): Anno Domini 公元后（来自拉丁文）
• 在某个时代/时期
  

  • in modern/recent/ancient/prehistoric times
    在当代/近代/古代/史前
  • in times of……
    in times of peace/war
    在和平/战争年代
  • age
    the Ice Age 冰川时代
    the Stone Age 石器时代
    the modern age 当代
    the computer age 计算机时代
  • era/epoch
    the steam-engine era/epoch 蒸汽时代
    the end of an era/epoch 一个时代的结束
    His death marked the end of an era. 他的陨落标志着一个时代的结束。
    the beginning of a new era/epoch 一个新时代的开始

• represent = stand for 代表
  

  Honey, this gold ring stands for/represents my love for you.
  on behalf of…… 代表（介词短语，其后加名词作宾语）

• 追溯到
  date from……
  date back to……
  can be traced back to…… （被动）

  The prosperity of the Silk Road dates from/ dates back to/ can be traced back to the distant Han Dynasty. 丝绸之路的繁荣可以追溯到遥远的汉朝。

• happen to do 碰巧……
  辨：sth. happen to sb. 发生
  A car accident happened to him.

  • “碰巧”的表达

  1. happen to do = it happen that……
     We happened to take the same train.
     =It happened that we took the same train.
     我们俩碰巧乘同一辆火车。
  2. chance to do = it chance that……
     We chanced to take the same train.
     =It chanced that we took the same train.
  3. do sth. by chance/ by accident/ accidentally（状语） 碰巧，巧合，意外地
     We took the same train by chance/ by accident/ accidentally.
  4. as it happen
     As it happened, we took the same train.
  5. as luck would have it（虽有“luck”，但无感情色彩）
     As luck would have it, we took the same train.

• 保护，保存
  

  • preserve 把某个东西保存在完好状态，强调保证质量
    preserve one’s eyesight/ food
  • conserve 强调保持数量不下降
    conserve wildlife/ resources
  • reserve 指保存起来，以备将来使用
    Reserve your energy for the climb tomorrow.
    “All Rights Reserved” “版权所有（保留所有权利）”
    I reserve the right to disagree. 我保留持不同意见的权利。
    reserve a table for 2 预定一个二人桌

• 动词不定式作状语，无外乎4种：目的，原因，结果，条件。
• 使惊讶
  

  surprise
  astonish（语气较重，因为难以相信的事而惊讶）
  amaze（因为迷惑不解而惊讶）（maze n.迷宫）
  astound（惊呆了）（词根stound表示石头）
  The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done.

• a./ad.-doing 构词
  

  modern-looking
  interesting-looking
  hard-working
  easy-going 随和的，平易近人的

• 连系动词stand + 数量词（表语）（表示有多高）
  

  The tower stands 15 meters (high). （正式）
  The tower is 15 meters (high). （非正式）
  I stand 1.8 meters (tall). 我有1.8米高。

  • weigh
    The boy weighs/is 50 kilos. 这个男孩50公斤重。
  • measure
    The carpet measures/is 5 meters long. 5米长
    The carpet measures/is 5 meters across. 5米宽

• 尽管
  

  介词：despite = in spite of = notwithstanding 介词+名词，作宾语
  连词：though, although, even though, while
  （注：以上连词 + 事实。even if 意为“即使”，+ 假设（不知道是否为事实的事 ））
  介词改成的连词：
  in spite of the fact that……（后边从句作“fact”的同位语）（书面语）
  despite the fact that……（书面语）

• so far 迄今为止。与现在完成时搭配。

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