MySQL 多实例部署

1.下载安装包

[root@localhost ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.7/mysql-5.7.35-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  mysql-5.7.35-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

2.解压至/usr/local

[root@localhost ~]# tar -xf mysql-5.7.35-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /usr/local/
bin  etc  games  include  lib  lib64  libexec  mysql-5.7.35-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64  sbin  share  src

3.做mysql目录的软连接，并更改其属主属组

[root@localhost local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.35-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
"mysql" -> "mysql-5.7.35-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/"
[root@localhost local]# ll
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 4月  11 2018 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 4月  11 2018 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 4月  11 2018 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 4月  11 2018 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 4月  11 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 4月  11 2018 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 4月  11 2018 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root  36 8月  27 12:42 mysql -> mysql-5.7.35-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 129 8月  27 12:41 mysql-5.7.35-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 4月  11 2018 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root  49 4月  21 19:36 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 4月  11 2018 src[root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql
[root@localhost local]# ll -d mysql
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 36 8月  29 05:50 mysql -> mysql-5.7.35-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/

4.环境变量

[root@localhost local]# vim /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost local]# cat /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH
[root@localhost local]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost local]# which mysql
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql

5.创建各实例存放的目录

[root@localhost ]# mkdir -p /opt/data/{3306,3307,3308}
[root@localhost ]# ls /opt/data/
3306  3307  3308

6.初始化各个实例

3306

[root@localhost profile.d]#  mysqld --initialize --datadir=/opt/data/3306 --user=mysql
2021-08-29T10:22:56.524466Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2021-08-29T10:22:56.692402Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2021-08-29T10:22:56.721919Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2021-08-29T10:22:56.777888Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 13e7f1c7-08b3-11ec-aed0-000c2988823d.
2021-08-29T10:22:56.778394Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2021-08-29T10:22:57.784376Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2021-08-29T10:22:57.784497Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1.1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2021-08-29T10:22:57.784999Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2021-08-29T10:22:57.842963Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: ;ahco8p#)#L,//保存临时密码
[root@localhost data]# echo ';ahco8p#)#L,' > 06passwd

3307

[root@localhost ~]# mysqld --initialize --user mysql --datadir /opt/data/3307
2021-08-27T12:10:22.121228Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2021-08-27T12:10:23.371094Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2021-08-27T12:10:23.551015Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2021-08-27T12:10:23.988171Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: c1eaa7e8-072f-11ec-8eee-000c2978b180.
2021-08-27T12:10:23.991268Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2021-08-27T12:10:25.006022Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2021-08-27T12:10:25.006044Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1.1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2021-08-27T12:10:25.014096Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2021-08-27T12:10:25.139118Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: OpCs&?ILf0z)//保存临时密码
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'OpCs&?ILf0z)' > 3307_passwd

3308

[root@localhost ~]# mysqld --initialize --user mysql --datadir /opt/data/3308
2021-08-27T12:11:08.680649Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2021-08-27T12:11:10.064525Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2021-08-27T12:11:10.267492Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2021-08-27T12:11:10.356165Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: dd8ddb31-072f-11ec-9185-000c2978b180.
2021-08-27T12:11:10.357696Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2021-08-27T12:11:11.694578Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2021-08-27T12:11:11.694596Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1.1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2021-08-27T12:11:11.695690Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2021-08-27T12:11:12.272690Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: nGpdhZUu;48q//存储临时密码
[root@loecho 'nGpdhZUu;48q' > 3308_passwd

查看存储的三个临时密码

[root@localhost ~]# ls
3306_passwd  3308_passwd        mysql-5.7.35-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
3307_passwd  anaconda-ks.cfg

7.安装perl，查看依赖包是否安装

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install install perl
已加载插件：fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile* base: mirrors.cn99.com* extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn* updates: mirrors.cn99.com[root@localhost ~]# ldd /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqllinux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffecdbfb000)libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f543b00b000)librt.so.1 => /lib64/librt.so.1 (0x00007f543ae03000)libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f543abff000)libncurses.so.5 => /lib64/libncurses.so.5 (0x00007f543a9d8000)libstdc++.so.6 => /lib64/libstdc++.so.6 (0x00007f543a6d0000)libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007f543a3ce000)libgcc_s.so.1 => /lib64/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x00007f543a1b8000)libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f5439deb000)libtinfo.so.5 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 (0x00007f5439bc1000)/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f543b227000

8.编辑/etc/my.cnf配置文件

[mysqld_multi]
mysqld = /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe
mysqladmin = /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin[mysqld3306]
datadir = /opt/data/3306
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/3306.sock
pid-file = /opt/date/3306/mysql.pid
log-error = /var/log/mysql_3306.log[mysqld3307]
datadir = /opt/data/3307
port = 3307
socket = /tmp/3307.sock
pid-file = /opt/date/3307/mysql.pid
log-error = /var/log/mysql_3307.log[mysqld3308]
datadir = /opt/data/3308
port = 3308
socket = /tmp/3308.sock
pid-file = /opt/date/3308/mysql.pid
log-error = /var/log/mysql_3308.log

9.更改密码、


[root@localhost ~]# cat 3306_pass
cc6s;of>kf)[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'cc6s;of>kf)' -h127.0.0.1 -h3306
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.22Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> set password = password('1');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)[root@localhost ~]# cat 3307_pass
Cdp5'dmz;ao[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pCdp5'dmz;ao -h127.0.0.1 -p3307
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.22Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> set password = password('2');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)[root@localhost ~]# cat 3308_pass
3d5fl)f9rtf[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'3d5fl)f9rtf' -h127.0.0.1 -P3308
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.35Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> set password = password('3');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

10.设置开机自启

//将服务文件拷贝到init.d下，并重命名为mysql
[root@localhost ~]# cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld//
[root@localhost ~]# ECHO export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH > /etc/init.d/mysqld//赋予可执行权限
[root@localhost ~]# chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysqld//添加服务
[root@localhost ~]# chkconfig --add mysqld//启动
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State  Recv-Q Send-Q  Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0      128           0.0.0.0:22          0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0      80                  *:3306              *:*
LISTEN 0      128              [::]:22             [::]:*

Xtrabackup

Xtrabackup介绍

Xtrabackup是由percona开源的免费数据库热备份软件，它能对InnoDB数据库和XtraDB存储引擎的数据库非阻塞地备份（对于MyISAM的备份同样需要加表锁）；mysqldump备份方式是采用的逻辑备份，其最大的缺陷是备份和恢复速度较慢，如果数据库大于50G，mysqldump备份就不太适合。

Xtrabackup安装完成后有4个可执行文件，其中2个比较重要的备份工具是innobackupex、xtrabackup

1）xtrabackup 是专门用来备份InnoDB表的，和mysql server没有交互；

2）innobackupex 是一个封装xtrabackup的Perl脚本，支持同时备份innodb和myisam，但在对myisam备份时需要加一个全局的读锁。

3）xbcrypt 加密解密备份工具

4）xbstream 流传打包传输工具，类似tar

Xtrabackup优点

1）备份速度快，物理备份可靠

2）备份过程不会打断正在执行的事务（无需锁表）

3）能够基于压缩等功能节约磁盘空间和流量

4）自动备份校验

5）还原速度快

6）可以流传将备份传输到另外一台机器上

7）在不增加服务器负载的情况备份数据

Xtrabackup备份原理

备份开始时首先会开启一个后台检测进程，实时检测mysq redo的变化，一旦发现有新的日志写入，立刻将日志记入后台日志文件xtrabackup_log中，之后复制innodb的数据文件一系统表空间文件ibdatax，复制结束后，将执行flush tables with readlock,然后复制.frm MYI MYD等文件，最后执行unlock tables,最终停止xtrabackup_log

输出如下提示信息

xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (2543172) to (2543181) was copied.

171205 10:17:52 completed OK!

Xtrabackup增量备份介绍

xtrabackup增量备份的原理是：

1)、首先完成一个完全备份，并记录下此时检查点LSN；

2)、然后增量备份时，比较表空间中每个页的LSN是否大于上次备份的LSN，若是则备份该页并记录当前检查点的LSN。

增量备份优点：

1)、数据库太大没有足够的空间全量备份，增量备份能有效节省空间，并且效率高；

2)、支持热备份，备份过程不锁表（针对InnoDB而言），不阻塞数据库的读写；

3)、每日备份只产生少量数据，也可采用远程备份，节省本地空间；

4)、备份恢复基于文件操作，降低直接对数据库操作风险；

5)、备份效率更高，恢复效率更高。

实例

下载安装xtrabackup

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install percona-xtrabackup-2.3.10-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
percona-x
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install percona-xtrabackup-2.3.10-1.el7.x86_64.rpm//进行备份与恢复
[root@localhost ~]# innobackupex --user=root--password=xym /opt/mysqlbackup/full/MySQL binlog position:filename 'mysql-bin.000004', position '107'210827 21:03:23 [00]Writing backup-my.cnf210827  21:03:23 [00]        ...done210827 21:03:23 [00]Writing xtrabackup_info210827  21:03:23 [00]        ...donextrabackup: Transactionlog of lsn (1595675) to (1595675) was copied.210827  21:03:24 completedOK!//查看全量备份的文件
[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/mysqlbackup/full  2021-08-29_20-01-06[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/mysqlbackup/full/2021-08-29_20-01-06/backup-my.cnf  mysql               xtrabackup_binlog_info  xtrabackup_infoibdata1        performance_schema  xtrabackup_checkpoints  xtrabackup_logfile//备份数据库的用户需要具有相应权限.
[root@localhost ~]mysql -uroot -pxym
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.35Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> create user 'bkpuser'@'localhost'identified by '123456';Query OK, 0 rows affected(0.06 sec)mysql> revoke all privileges,grantoption from 'bkpuser'@'localhost';Query OK, 0 rows affected(0.00 sec)mysql>  grant reload,lock tables,replication client,process on *.* to 'bkpuser'@'localhost';Query OK, 0 rows affected(0.00 sec)mysql> flush privileges;Query OK, 0 rows affected(0.05 sec)//创建数据库 表 插入数据
mysql> create database xym;Query OK, 1 row affected(0.00 sec)mysql> use xym;Database changedmysql> create table 1 (id int,name char(16) not null);Query OK, 0 rows affected(0.05 sec)mysql> insert into 1 values(1,'caiaochen');Query OK, 1 row affected(0.02 sec)mysql> insert into 1 values(2,'xk');Query OK, 1 row affected(0.02 sec)mysql> select * from tb1;+------+----------+| id   | name    |+------+----------+|    1 | caiaochen ||    2 | xk        |+------+----------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> quitBye//增量备份二进制文件
[root@localhost ~]# mysqlbinlog --start-position=107 /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000004> /opt/mysqlbackup/inc/`date +%F`.sql//执行误操作删库
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /usr/local/mysql/data/* //准备全备的redo日志
[root@localhost ~]# innobackupex --apply-log/opt/mysqlbackup/full/2021-08-29_20-01-06/.........InnoDB: File './ibtmp1'size is now 12 MB.InnoDB: 96 redo rollbacksegment(s) found. 1 redo rollback segment(s) are active.InnoDB: 32 non-redorollback segment(s) are active.InnoDB: 5.7.13 started;log sequence number 1595925xtrabackup: startingshutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1InnoDB: FTS optimizethread exiting.InnoDB: Startingshutdown...InnoDB: Shutdowncompleted; log sequence number 1595944210827 21:33:32 completedOK!//使用innobakupex命令的 --copy-back 进行拷贝
[root@localhost ~]# innobackupex --copy-back/opt/mysqlbackup/full/2021-08-29_20-01-06///修改属主属组
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql:mysql/usr/local/mysql/data///关闭二进制文件
mysql> set sql_log_bin=0;Query OK, 0 rows affected(0.00 sec)//读取增量备份文件
mysql> source/opt/mysqlbackup/inc/2021-08-29.sqlQuery OK, 0 rows affected(0.00 sec)Query OK, 0 rows affected(0.00 sec)Query OK, 0 rows affected(0.00 sec)Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00sec)mysql> set sql_log_bin=1;Query OK, 0 rows affected(0.00 sec)mysql> show databases;+--------------------+| Database           |+--------------------+| information_schema || xym                || mysql              || performance_schema |+--------------------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> use xym;Database changedmysql> select * from 1;+------+----------+| id   | name     |+------+----------+|    1 | caiaochen||    2 | xk       |+------+----------+2 rows in set (0.01 sec)