BMP编程实践1：C语言实现bmp位图分析与创建
2024-05-14 10:16:47
前言
本次实验使用的BMP图片是256位的灰度图片。
本次实验分两步，第一个源码是读图片信息，第二个源码是生成图片。这种操作适用于已知一个图片的格式，然后生成一个和它一样的图片的格式，例如给带屏的单片机截屏，保存图片。
一 BMP图片头解析
位图文件可看成由 4 个部分组成：位图文件头(BITMAPFILEHEADER)、位图信息头(BITMAPINFOHEADER)、调色板(Palette)也叫彩色表(color table)和定义位图的字节阵列，下面会逐个介绍。
第一部分
第一部分为位图文件头 BITMAPFILEHEADER，是一个结构，其定义如下：
typedef uint16_t WORD;
typedef uint32_t DWORD;
typedef struct tagBITMAPFILEHEADER{WORD bfType;//2DWORD bfSize;//4WORD bfReserved1;//2WORD bfReserved2;//2DWORD bfOffBits;//4
} BITMAPFILEHEADER;
这个结构的长度是固定的，为 14 个字节（WORD 为无符号 16 位整数，DWORD 为无符号32 位整数），各个域的说明如下：
bfType指定文件类型，必须是 0x424D，即字符串"BM"，也就是说所有.bmp 文件的头两个字节都 是"BM"bfSize指定文件大小，包括这 14 个字节bfReserved1，bfReserved2为保留字，不用考虑bfOffBits为从文件头到实际的位图数据的偏移字节数，前三个部分的长度之和
第二部分
第二部分为位图信息头 BITMAPINFOHEADER，也是一个结构，其定义如下：
typedef uint16_t WORD;
typedef uint32_t DWORD;
typedef uint32_t LONG;
typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER{DWORD biSize;LONG biWidth;LONG biHeight;WORD biPlanes;WORD biBitCount;DWORD biCompression;DWORD biSizeImage;LONG biXPelsPerMeter;LONG biYPelsPerMeter;DWORD biClrUsed;DWORD biClrImportant;
} BITMAPINFOHEADER; 这个结构的长度是固定的，为 40 个字节（WORD 为无符号 16 位整数，DWORD 无符号 32 位整数,LONG 为 32 位整数），各个域的说明如下：
biSize指定这个结构的长度，为 40biWidth指定图象的宽度，单位是象素biHeight指定图象的高度，单位是象素biPlanes必须是 1，不用考虑biBitCount指定表示颜色时要用到的位数，常用的值为 1（黑白二色图）,4（16 色图）,8（256 色）,24
（真彩色图）（新的.bmp 格式支持 32 位色，这里就不做讨论了）。biCompression指定位图是否压缩，有效的值为 BI_RGB，BI_RLE8，BI_RLE4，BI_BITFIELDS（都是一 些 Windows 定义好的常量）。要说明的是，Windows 位图可以采用 RLE4，和 RLE8 的压缩 格式，但用的不多。我们今后所讨论的只有第一种不压缩的情况，即biCompression为BI_RGB 的情况。biSizeImage指定实际的位图数据占用的字节数，其实也可以从以下的公式中计算出来：biSizeImage=biWidth'*biHeight要注意的是：上述公式中的 biWidth'必须是 4 的整倍数（所以不是 biWidth，而是 biWidth'， 表示大于或等于 biWidth 的，离 4 最近的整倍数。举个例子，如果 iWidth=240，则 biWidth'=240；如果 biWidth=241，biWidth'=244）如果 biCompression 为 BI_RGB，则该项可能为零biXPelsPerMeter指定目标设备的水平分辨率，单位是每米的象素个数，关于分辨率的概念，我们将在打印部 分详细介绍。biYPelsPerMeter指定目标设备的垂直分辨率，单位同上。biClrUsed指定本图象实际用到的颜色数，如果该值为零，则用到的颜色数为 2 的 biBitCount 次方。biClrImportant指定本图象中重要的颜色数，如果该值为零，则认为所有的颜色都是重要的。
第三部分-调色板
第三部分为调色板(Palette)，当然，这里是对那些需要调色板的位图文件而言的。有些位图， 如真彩色图，前面已经讲过，是不需要调色板的，BITMAPINFOHEADER 后直接是位图数据。调色板实际上是一个数组，共有 biClrUsed 个元素（如果该值为零，则有 2 的 biBitCount 次方个元素）。数组中每个元素的类型是一个 RGBQUAD 结构，占 4 个字节，其定义如下：
typedef uint8_t BYTE;
typedef struct tagRGBQUAD{BYTE rgbBlue; //该颜色的蓝色分量BYTE rgbGreen; //该颜色的绿色分量BYTE rgbRed; //该颜色的红色分量BYTE rgbReserved; //保留值
} RGBQUAD;第四部分
第四部分就是实际的图象数据了。对于用到调色板的位图，图象数据就是该像素颜在调色板
中的索引值，对于真彩色图，图象数据就是实际的 R,G,B 值。下面就 2 色，16 色，256 色位
图和真彩色位图分别介绍。对于 2 色位图，用 1 位就可以表示该像素的颜色（一般 0 表示黑，1 表示白），所以一个字节可以表示 8 个像素。对于 16 色位图，用 4 位可以表示一个像素的颜色，所以一个字节可以表示 2 个像素。对于 256 色位图，一个字节刚好可以表示 1 个像素。对于真彩色图，三个字节才能表示 1 个像素。
要注意两点：
1．每一行的字节数必须是 4 的整倍数，如果不是，则需要补齐。这在前面介绍 biSizeImage
时已经提到了。
2．一般来说，.BMP 文件的数据从下到上，从左到右的。也就是说，从文件中最先读到的
是图象最下面一行的左边第一个像素，然后是左边第二个像素…接下来是倒数第二行左边第
一个像素，左边第二个像素…依次类推，最后得到的是最上面一行的最右一个像素。
好了，终于介绍完 bmp 文件结构了，是不是觉得头有些大。
二 实践
还是不知道应该怎么设置怎么办，调色板也不知道应该怎么设置。找一个目标图片，读出它的内部数据，然后将他们一个一个的赋值给新图片。
读图片的参数源码
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdint.h>
char buf[1024];
typedef uint16_t WORD;
typedef uint32_t DWORD;
#pragma pack(1)
typedef struct tagBITMAPFILEHEADER{WORD bfType;//2DWORD bfSize;//4WORD bfReserved1;//2WORD bfReserved2;//2DWORD bfOffBits;//4
} BITMAPFILEHEADER;
#pragma pack()
typedef uint32_t LONG;
#pragma pack(1)
typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER{DWORD biSize;LONG biWidth;LONG biHeight;WORD biPlanes;WORD biBitCount;DWORD biCompression;DWORD biSizeImage;LONG biXPelsPerMeter;LONG biYPelsPerMeter;DWORD biClrUsed;DWORD biClrImportant;
} BITMAPINFOHEADER;
#pragma pack()
void show_bit_map_file_header(BITMAPFILEHEADER *p)
{printf("bfType=%04x\n",p->bfType);printf("bfSize=%d\n",p->bfSize);printf("bfReserved1=%d\n",p->bfReserved1);printf("bfReserved2=%d\n",p->bfReserved2);printf("bfOffBits=%d\n",p->bfOffBits);
}
void show_bit_map_info_header(BITMAPINFOHEADER *p)
{printf("biSize=%d\n",p->biSize);printf("biWidth=%d\n",p->biWidth);printf("biHeight=%d\n",p->biHeight);printf("biPlanes=%d\n",p->biPlanes);printf("biBitCount=%d\n",p->biBitCount);printf("biCompression=%d\n",p->biCompression);printf("biSizeImage=%d\n",p->biSizeImage);printf("biXPelsPerMeter=%d\n",p->biXPelsPerMeter);printf("biYPelsPerMeter=%d\n",p->biYPelsPerMeter);printf("biClrUsed=%d\n",p->biClrUsed);printf("biClrImportant=%d\n",p->biClrImportant);
}void show_bmp_info(char *name)
{BITMAPFILEHEADER bit_map_file_header;BITMAPINFOHEADER bit_map_info_header;int fd = 0;int i = 0;fd = open(name,O_RDONLY);if(fd < 0){perror("open");return;}printf("open %s ok \n",name);read(fd,&bit_map_file_header,sizeof(bit_map_file_header));read(fd,&bit_map_info_header,sizeof(bit_map_info_header));show_bit_map_file_header(&bit_map_file_header);show_bit_map_info_header(&bit_map_info_header);read(fd,buf,1024);for(i = 0;i < 1024;i++){if(i > 0 && i%16 == 0){printf("\n");}printf("0x%02x,",(uint8_t)buf[i]);}printf("\n");close(fd);
}
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{show_bmp_info("2.bmp");return 0;
}运行结果：
输出信息里面的那一堆的0x十六进制数据是调色板，这个图片的调色板是1024字节，怎么知道是1024字节？我提前计算的。这个图片大小是1025078 - 54(图片头)-1280*800（图片数组）= 1024；1024就是调色板大小了。
再分析一下为什么是1024个字节呢？调色板实际上是一个数组，共有 biClrUsed 个元素，下面的输出中，biClrUsed的值是256。数组中每个元素的类型是一个 RGBQUAD 结构，占 4 个字节。所以是biClrUsed * sizeof(RGBQUAD) = 256 * 4 = 1024字节。
open 2.bmp ok
bfType=4d42
bfSize=1025078
bfReserved1=0
bfReserved2=0
bfOffBits=1078
biSize=40
biWidth=1280
biHeight=800
biPlanes=1
biBitCount=8
biCompression=0
biSizeImage=1024000
biXPelsPerMeter=5669
biYPelsPerMeter=5669
biClrUsed=256
biClrImportant=256
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生成一个图片的代码
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdint.h>#define IMAGE_SIZE 1280*800
char read_buf[IMAGE_SIZE];typedef uint16_t WORD;
typedef uint32_t DWORD;
#pragma pack(1)
typedef struct tagBITMAPFILEHEADER{WORD bfType;//2DWORD bfSize;//4WORD bfReserved1;//2WORD bfReserved2;//2DWORD bfOffBits;//4
} BITMAPFILEHEADER;
#pragma pack()
typedef uint32_t LONG;
#pragma pack(1)
typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER{DWORD biSize;LONG biWidth;LONG biHeight;WORD biPlanes;WORD biBitCount;DWORD biCompression;DWORD biSizeImage;LONG biXPelsPerMeter;LONG biYPelsPerMeter;DWORD biClrUsed;DWORD biClrImportant;
} BITMAPINFOHEADER; static char color_board[] = {
0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x00,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x00,0x03,0x03,0x03,0x00,
0x04,0x04,0x04,0x00,0x05,0x05,0x05,0x00,0x06,0x06,0x06,0x00,0x07,0x07,0x07,0x00,
0x08,0x08,0x08,0x00,0x09,0x09,0x09,0x00,0x0a,0x0a,0x0a,0x00,0x0b,0x0b,0x0b,0x00,
0x0c,0x0c,0x0c,0x00,0x0d,0x0d,0x0d,0x00,0x0e,0x0e,0x0e,0x00,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x00,
0x10,0x10,0x10,0x00,0x11,0x11,0x11,0x00,0x12,0x12,0x12,0x00,0x13,0x13,0x13,0x00,
0x14,0x14,0x14,0x00,0x15,0x15,0x15,0x00,0x16,0x16,0x16,0x00,0x17,0x17,0x17,0x00,
0x18,0x18,0x18,0x00,0x19,0x19,0x19,0x00,0x1a,0x1a,0x1a,0x00,0x1b,0x1b,0x1b,0x00,
0x1c,0x1c,0x1c,0x00,0x1d,0x1d,0x1d,0x00,0x1e,0x1e,0x1e,0x00,0x1f,0x1f,0x1f,0x00,
0x20,0x20,0x20,0x00,0x21,0x21,0x21,0x00,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x00,0x23,0x23,0x23,0x00,
0x24,0x24,0x24,0x00,0x25,0x25,0x25,0x00,0x26,0x26,0x26,0x00,0x27,0x27,0x27,0x00,
0x28,0x28,0x28,0x00,0x29,0x29,0x29,0x00,0x2a,0x2a,0x2a,0x00,0x2b,0x2b,0x2b,0x00,
0x2c,0x2c,0x2c,0x00,0x2d,0x2d,0x2d,0x00,0x2e,0x2e,0x2e,0x00,0x2f,0x2f,0x2f,0x00,
0x30,0x30,0x30,0x00,0x31,0x31,0x31,0x00,0x32,0x32,0x32,0x00,0x33,0x33,0x33,0x00,
0x34,0x34,0x34,0x00,0x35,0x35,0x35,0x00,0x36,0x36,0x36,0x00,0x37,0x37,0x37,0x00,
0x38,0x38,0x38,0x00,0x39,0x39,0x39,0x00,0x3a,0x3a,0x3a,0x00,0x3b,0x3b,0x3b,0x00,
0x3c,0x3c,0x3c,0x00,0x3d,0x3d,0x3d,0x00,0x3e,0x3e,0x3e,0x00,0x3f,0x3f,0x3f,0x00,
0x40,0x40,0x40,0x00,0x41,0x41,0x41,0x00,0x42,0x42,0x42,0x00,0x43,0x43,0x43,0x00,
0x44,0x44,0x44,0x00,0x45,0x45,0x45,0x00,0x46,0x46,0x46,0x00,0x47,0x47,0x47,0x00,
0x48,0x48,0x48,0x00,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x00,0x4a,0x4a,0x4a,0x00,0x4b,0x4b,0x4b,0x00,
0x4c,0x4c,0x4c,0x00,0x4d,0x4d,0x4d,0x00,0x4e,0x4e,0x4e,0x00,0x4f,0x4f,0x4f,0x00,
0x50,0x50,0x50,0x00,0x51,0x51,0x51,0x00,0x52,0x52,0x52,0x00,0x53,0x53,0x53,0x00,
0x54,0x54,0x54,0x00,0x55,0x55,0x55,0x00,0x56,0x56,0x56,0x00,0x57,0x57,0x57,0x00,
0x58,0x58,0x58,0x00,0x59,0x59,0x59,0x00,0x5a,0x5a,0x5a,0x00,0x5b,0x5b,0x5b,0x00,
0x5c,0x5c,0x5c,0x00,0x5d,0x5d,0x5d,0x00,0x5e,0x5e,0x5e,0x00,0x5f,0x5f,0x5f,0x00,
0x60,0x60,0x60,0x00,0x61,0x61,0x61,0x00,0x62,0x62,0x62,0x00,0x63,0x63,0x63,0x00,
0x64,0x64,0x64,0x00,0x65,0x65,0x65,0x00,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x00,0x67,0x67,0x67,0x00,
0x68,0x68,0x68,0x00,0x69,0x69,0x69,0x00,0x6a,0x6a,0x6a,0x00,0x6b,0x6b,0x6b,0x00,
0x6c,0x6c,0x6c,0x00,0x6d,0x6d,0x6d,0x00,0x6e,0x6e,0x6e,0x00,0x6f,0x6f,0x6f,0x00,
0x70,0x70,0x70,0x00,0x71,0x71,0x71,0x00,0x72,0x72,0x72,0x00,0x73,0x73,0x73,0x00,
0x74,0x74,0x74,0x00,0x75,0x75,0x75,0x00,0x76,0x76,0x76,0x00,0x77,0x77,0x77,0x00,
0x78,0x78,0x78,0x00,0x79,0x79,0x79,0x00,0x7a,0x7a,0x7a,0x00,0x7b,0x7b,0x7b,0x00,
0x7c,0x7c,0x7c,0x00,0x7d,0x7d,0x7d,0x00,0x7e,0x7e,0x7e,0x00,0x7f,0x7f,0x7f,0x00,
0x80,0x80,0x80,0x00,0x81,0x81,0x81,0x00,0x82,0x82,0x82,0x00,0x83,0x83,0x83,0x00,
0x84,0x84,0x84,0x00,0x85,0x85,0x85,0x00,0x86,0x86,0x86,0x00,0x87,0x87,0x87,0x00,
0x88,0x88,0x88,0x00,0x89,0x89,0x89,0x00,0x8a,0x8a,0x8a,0x00,0x8b,0x8b,0x8b,0x00,
0x8c,0x8c,0x8c,0x00,0x8d,0x8d,0x8d,0x00,0x8e,0x8e,0x8e,0x00,0x8f,0x8f,0x8f,0x00,
0x90,0x90,0x90,0x00,0x91,0x91,0x91,0x00,0x92,0x92,0x92,0x00,0x93,0x93,0x93,0x00,
0x94,0x94,0x94,0x00,0x95,0x95,0x95,0x00,0x96,0x96,0x96,0x00,0x97,0x97,0x97,0x00,
0x98,0x98,0x98,0x00,0x99,0x99,0x99,0x00,0x9a,0x9a,0x9a,0x00,0x9b,0x9b,0x9b,0x00,
0x9c,0x9c,0x9c,0x00,0x9d,0x9d,0x9d,0x00,0x9e,0x9e,0x9e,0x00,0x9f,0x9f,0x9f,0x00,
0xa0,0xa0,0xa0,0x00,0xa1,0xa1,0xa1,0x00,0xa2,0xa2,0xa2,0x00,0xa3,0xa3,0xa3,0x00,
0xa4,0xa4,0xa4,0x00,0xa5,0xa5,0xa5,0x00,0xa6,0xa6,0xa6,0x00,0xa7,0xa7,0xa7,0x00,
0xa8,0xa8,0xa8,0x00,0xa9,0xa9,0xa9,0x00,0xaa,0xaa,0xaa,0x00,0xab,0xab,0xab,0x00,
0xac,0xac,0xac,0x00,0xad,0xad,0xad,0x00,0xae,0xae,0xae,0x00,0xaf,0xaf,0xaf,0x00,
0xb0,0xb0,0xb0,0x00,0xb1,0xb1,0xb1,0x00,0xb2,0xb2,0xb2,0x00,0xb3,0xb3,0xb3,0x00,
0xb4,0xb4,0xb4,0x00,0xb5,0xb5,0xb5,0x00,0xb6,0xb6,0xb6,0x00,0xb7,0xb7,0xb7,0x00,
0xb8,0xb8,0xb8,0x00,0xb9,0xb9,0xb9,0x00,0xba,0xba,0xba,0x00,0xbb,0xbb,0xbb,0x00,
0xbc,0xbc,0xbc,0x00,0xbd,0xbd,0xbd,0x00,0xbe,0xbe,0xbe,0x00,0xbf,0xbf,0xbf,0x00,
0xc0,0xc0,0xc0,0x00,0xc1,0xc1,0xc1,0x00,0xc2,0xc2,0xc2,0x00,0xc3,0xc3,0xc3,0x00,
0xc4,0xc4,0xc4,0x00,0xc5,0xc5,0xc5,0x00,0xc6,0xc6,0xc6,0x00,0xc7,0xc7,0xc7,0x00,
0xc8,0xc8,0xc8,0x00,0xc9,0xc9,0xc9,0x00,0xca,0xca,0xca,0x00,0xcb,0xcb,0xcb,0x00,
0xcc,0xcc,0xcc,0x00,0xcd,0xcd,0xcd,0x00,0xce,0xce,0xce,0x00,0xcf,0xcf,0xcf,0x00,
0xd0,0xd0,0xd0,0x00,0xd1,0xd1,0xd1,0x00,0xd2,0xd2,0xd2,0x00,0xd3,0xd3,0xd3,0x00,
0xd4,0xd4,0xd4,0x00,0xd5,0xd5,0xd5,0x00,0xd6,0xd6,0xd6,0x00,0xd7,0xd7,0xd7,0x00,
0xd8,0xd8,0xd8,0x00,0xd9,0xd9,0xd9,0x00,0xda,0xda,0xda,0x00,0xdb,0xdb,0xdb,0x00,
0xdc,0xdc,0xdc,0x00,0xdd,0xdd,0xdd,0x00,0xde,0xde,0xde,0x00,0xdf,0xdf,0xdf,0x00,
0xe0,0xe0,0xe0,0x00,0xe1,0xe1,0xe1,0x00,0xe2,0xe2,0xe2,0x00,0xe3,0xe3,0xe3,0x00,
0xe4,0xe4,0xe4,0x00,0xe5,0xe5,0xe5,0x00,0xe6,0xe6,0xe6,0x00,0xe7,0xe7,0xe7,0x00,
0xe8,0xe8,0xe8,0x00,0xe9,0xe9,0xe9,0x00,0xea,0xea,0xea,0x00,0xeb,0xeb,0xeb,0x00,
0xec,0xec,0xec,0x00,0xed,0xed,0xed,0x00,0xee,0xee,0xee,0x00,0xef,0xef,0xef,0x00,
0xf0,0xf0,0xf0,0x00,0xf1,0xf1,0xf1,0x00,0xf2,0xf2,0xf2,0x00,0xf3,0xf3,0xf3,0x00,
0xf4,0xf4,0xf4,0x00,0xf5,0xf5,0xf5,0x00,0xf6,0xf6,0xf6,0x00,0xf7,0xf7,0xf7,0x00,
0xf8,0xf8,0xf8,0x00,0xf9,0xf9,0xf9,0x00,0xfa,0xfa,0xfa,0x00,0xfb,0xfb,0xfb,0x00,
0xfc,0xfc,0xfc,0x00,0xfd,0xfd,0xfd,0x00,0xfe,0xfe,0xfe,0x00,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x00,
};
#pragma pack()
//本函数不支持调色板
int write_bmp(char *name,char *buf)
{int fd = 0;BITMAPFILEHEADER bit_map_file_header;BITMAPINFOHEADER bit_map_info_header;fd = open(name,O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC,0666);if(fd < 0){perror("open");return -1;}printf("%ld,%ld\n",sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER));printf("open %s ok\n",name);memset(&bit_map_file_header,0,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER));memset(&bit_map_info_header,0,sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER));bit_map_file_header.bfType = 0x4D42;bit_map_file_header.bfSize = 1280*800 + 54 + 1024;bit_map_file_header.bfOffBits = 54 + 1024;//就是位图数据之前的文件头长度，包括调色板。write(fd,&bit_map_file_header,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER));bit_map_info_header.biSize = 40;bit_map_info_header.biWidth = 1280;bit_map_info_header.biHeight = 800;bit_map_info_header.biPlanes = 1;bit_map_info_header.biBitCount = 8;bit_map_info_header.biCompression = 0;// //压缩方式，可以是0，1，2，其中0表示不压缩bit_map_info_header.biSizeImage = 1280*800;bit_map_info_header.biXPelsPerMeter = 0;bit_map_info_header.biYPelsPerMeter = 0;bit_map_info_header.biClrUsed = 256;bit_map_info_header.biClrImportant = 256;write(fd,&bit_map_info_header,sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER));write(fd,color_board,1024);write(fd,buf,1280*800);close(fd);return 0;
}
int main()
{memset(read_buf,0x55,sizeof(read_buf));write_bmp("8_256.bmp",read_buf);return 0;
}运行结果
下面这个就是生成的图片的属性：
结束
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