Loadable Kernel Modules

● LKMs (Loadable Kernel Modules)
● Pre-compiled binary pieces
● Each piece is called “module”
● Can be loaded at runtime
● Extend the functionality of the system
● Enforce modularity
○ Easy to develop, debug and maintain
○ No need to rebuild the kernel
● Can save memory (load only the necessary)

What are LKMs used for

● Everything that is not required in the core
● 6 main categories
○ Device drivers
○ File system drivers
■ Implementation of a specific file system
○ System calls
○ Network stack
■ Interprets a network protocol
○ TTY line disciplines
○ Executable interpreters for the supported formats

Character Device Driver

● Read or Write a byte at a time
● Accessed by a stream of bytes
● Usually permit only sequential access
● Implement: open, close, read, write
● Similar to regular files
● Examples:
○ /dev/console
○ /dev/ttyS0

Block Device Driver

● Read or Write block-size multiples
● Permit random access
● Accessed in the /dev/
● File systems can be mount on top
● Handle I/O operations
● Differ with the char module in the way the manage data inside the kernel
● Different interface to the kernel than char modules

Network Drivers

● Handle any network transaction made
● Transfer packets of data
● Independent of a specific protocol
● Reception and Transmission instead of Read/Write
● Usually the interface is a hardware device but it can also be software like the loopback
○ loopback is used to communicate with the servers that run in the same node, debugging etc.
● They are not mapped to the file system; they are identified by a name

Praktikum Kernel Programming
University of Hamburg
Scientific Computing
Winter semester 2014/2015

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LKMs：Loadable Kernel Modules

Loadable Kernel Modules

What are LKMs used for

Character Device Driver

Block Device Driver

Network Drivers

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