机电一体化技术_Electromechanical Integration

机电一体化技术

一、机电一体化技术发展历程及其趋势

自电子技术一问世，电子技术与机械技术的结合就开始了，只是出现了半导体集成电路，尤其是出现了以微处理器为代表的大规模集成电路以后，机电一体化技术之后有了明显进展，引起了人们的广泛注意。

(一)机电一体化的发展历程

1.数控机床的问世，写下了机电一体化历史的第一页；

2.微电子技术为机电一体化带来勃勃生机；

3.可编程序控制器、电力电子等的发展为机电一体化提供了坚强基础；

4.激光技术、模糊技术、信息技术等新技术使机电一体化跃上新台阶。

(二)机电一体化发展趋势

1.光机电一体化。一般的机电一体化系统是由传感系统、能源系统、信息处理系统、机械结构等部件组成的。因此，引进光学技术，实现光学技术的先天优点是能有效地改进机电一体化系统的传感系统、能源(动力)系统和信息处理系统。光机电一体化是机电产品发展的重要趋势。

2.自律分配系统化——柔性化。未来的机电一体化产品，控制和执行系统有足够的冗余度，有较强的柔性，能较好地应付突发事件，被设计成自律分配系统。在自律分配系统中，各个子系统是相互独立工作的，子系统为总系统服务，同时具有本身的自律性，可根据不同的环境条件作出不同反应。其特点是子系统可产生本身的信息并附加所给信息，在总的前提下，具体行动是可以改变的。这样，既明显地增加了系统的适应能力(柔性)，又不因某一子系统的故障而影响整个系统。

3.全息系统化——智能化。今后的机电一体化产品全息特征越来越明显，智能化水平越来越高。这主要收益于模糊技术、信息技术(尤其是软件及芯片技术)的发展。除此之外，其系统的层次结构，也变简单的从上到下的形势而为复杂的、有较多冗余度的双向联系。

4.生物一软件化—仿生物系统化。今后的机电一体化装置对信息的依赖性很大，并且往往在结构上是处于静态时不稳定，但在动态(工作)时却是稳定的。这有点类似于活的生物：当控制系统(大脑)停止工作时，生物便死亡，而当控制系统(大脑)工作时，生物就很有活力。仿生学研究领域中已发现的一些生物体优良的机构可为机电一体化产品提供新型机体，但如何使这些新型机体具有活的生命还有待于深入研究。这一研究领域称为生物——软件或生物——系统，而生物的特点是硬件(肌体)——软件(大脑)一体，不可分割。看来，机电一体化产品虽然有向生物系统化发展趋，但有一段漫长的道路要走。

5.微型机电化——微型化。目前，利用半导体器件制造过程中的蚀刻技术，在实验室中已制造出亚微米级的机械元件。当将这一成果用于实际产品时，就没有必要区分机械部分和控制器了。届时机械和电子完全可以融合，机体、执行机构、传感器、CPU等可集成在一起，体积很小，并组成一种自律元件。这种微型机械学是机电一体化的重要发展方向。

二、典型的机电一体化产品

机电一体化产品分系统(整机)和基础元、部件两大类。典型的机电一体化系统有：数控机床、机器人、汽车电子化产品、智能化仪器仪表、电子排版印刷系统、CAD／CAM系统等。典型的机电一体化元、部件有：电力电子器件及装置、可编程序控制器、模糊控制器、微型电机、传感器、专用集成电路、伺服机构等。这些典型的机电一体化产品的技术现状、发展趋势、市场前景分析从略。

三、我国发展机电一体化面临的形势和任务

机电一体化工作主要包括两个层次：一是用微电子技术改造传统产业，其目的是节能、节材，提高工效，提高产品质量，把传统工业的技术进步提高一步；二是开发自动化、数字化、智能化机电产品，促进产品的更新换代。

(一)我国机电一体化工作面临的形势

1. 我国用微电子技术改造传统工业的工作量大而广，有难度。

2. 我国用机电一体化技术加速产品更新换代，提高市场占有率的呼声高，有压力。

3. 我国用机电一体化产品取代技术含量和附加值低，耗能、耗水、耗材高、污染、扰民产品的责任重，有意义。在我国工业系统中，能耗、耗水大户，对环境污染严重的企业还占相当大的比重。近年来我国的工业结构、产品结构虽然几经调整，但由于多种原因，成效一直不够明显。这里面固然有上级领导部门的政出多门问题，有企业的故土难离，死守故业问题，但不可否认也有优化不出理想的产业，优选不出中意的产品问题。上佳的答案早就摆在了这些企业的面前，这就是发展机电一体化，开发和生产有关的机电一体化产品。机电一体化产品功能强、性能好、质量高、成本低，且具有柔性，可根据市场需要和用户反映时产品结构和生产过程做必要的调整、改革，而无须改换设备。这是解决机电产品多品种、少批量生产的重要出路。同时，可为传统的机械工业注入新鲜血液，带来新的活力，把机械生产从繁重的体力劳动中解脱出来，实现文明生产。

另外，从市场需求的角度看，由于我国研制、开发机电一体化产品的历史不长，差距较大，许多产品的品种、数量、档次、质量都不能满足需求，每年进口量都比较大，因此亟需发展。

(二) 我国机电一体化工作的任务

我国在机电一体化方面的任务可以概括为两句话：一句话是广泛深入地用机电一体化技术改造传统产业；另一句话是大张旗鼓地开发机电一体化产品，促进机电产品的更新换代。总的目的是促进机电一体产业的形成、为我国产业结构和产品结构调整作贡献。

总之，机电一体化技术既是振兴传统机电工业的新鲜血液和源动力，又是开启我国机电行业产品结构、产业结构调整大门的钥匙。

四、我国发展机电一体化的对策

(一)加强统筹安排，协调发展计划

目前，我国从事机电一体化研究开发及生产的单位很多。各自都有一套自己的发展策略。各单位的计划由于受各自立足点、着眼点的限制，难免只考虑局部利益，各主管部门的有关计划和规划，也有统一考虑不足，统筹安排不够的问题，同时缺少综观全局的有权威性的发展计划和战略规划。因此，建议各主管部门责成有关单位在进行深入调查研究、科学分析的基础上，制定出统管全局的机电一体化研究、开发、生产计划和规划，避免开发上重复，生产上撞车。

(二)强化行业管理，发挥协会作用

目前，我国机电一体化较热，而按目前的行业划分方法和管理体制，政出多门是难哆的。因此，我国有必要明确一个机电一体化行业的统管机构，根据目前国家政治体制改革和经济体制改革的精神，以及机电一体化行业特点，我们建议，尽快加强北京机电一体化协会的建设，赋予其行业管理职能。协会要进一步扩大领导机构——理事会的代表层面和复盖面，要加强办公室、秘书处的建设；要通过其精明干练的办事机构、经济实体，组织行业发展计划、战略规划的拟制；指导行业布点布局的调整，进行发展突破口的选择，抓好重点工程的试点和有关项目的发标、招标工作……

(三)优化发展环境、增大支持力度

优化发展环境指通过宣传群众，造成一种社会上下、企业内外都重视、支持机电一体化发展的氛围，如尽快为外商到我国投资发展机电一体化产业提供方便；尽可能为兴办开发、生产机电一体化产品的高新技术企业开绿灯；尽力为开发、生产机电一体化产品调配好资源要素等。

增大支持力度，在技术政策上，要严格限制耗电、耗水、耗材高的传统产品的发展，对未采用机电一体化技术落后产品限制强制淘汰；大力提倡用机电一体化技术对传统产业进行改造，对有关机电一体化技术对传统产业乾地改造，对有关技术开发、应用项目优先立项、优先支持，对在技术开发、应用中做出贡献的单位领导、科技人员进行表彰奖励等。

(四)突出发展重点，兼顾两个层次

机电一体化产业复盖面非常广，而我们的财力、人力和物力是有限的，因此我们在抓机电一体化产业发展时不能面面俱到、平铺直叙，而应分清主次，大胆取舍，有所为，有所不为。要注意抓两个层次上的工作。第一个层次是面上的工作，即用电子信息技术对传统产业进行改造，在传统的机电设备上植入或嫁接上微电子(计算机)装置，使机械和电子技术在浅层次上结合。第二个层次是提高工作，即在新产品设计之初，就把机械与电子统一起来进行考虑，使机械与电子密不可分，深度结合，生产出来的新产品起码正做到机电一体化。

外文原文

Electromechanical Integration

1. electromechanical integration and the development of technology trends

Since an electronic technology birth of electronic technology and mechanical technology integration began， only a semiconductor integrated circuit， particularly in a microprocessor representative of the large-scale integrated circuits for the future， “mechatronics，” a technical after significant progress， and has attracted widespread attention.

(1) mechanical-electrical integration， “the course of development

1. CNC machine tools come out， wrote “mechatronics，” the first page of history；

2. Microelectronic technology， “mechatronics''bring a great vitality；

3. PLC， “Power Electronics” for the development of “mechatronics” provide a firm foundation；

4. Laser technology， fuzzy technology， information technology and other new technologies to “mechanical and electrical integration，” a new and higher level.

(B) mechanical-electrical integration， “the development trend

1. Integration of optical and electrical machinery. General mechanical and electrical integration system by sensing systems， energy systems， information processing systems， machinery， and other components of the structure. Therefore， the introduction of optical technology， the realization of the inherent advantages of optical technology is effective Improved mechanical-electrical integration system sensing system， energy (power) systems and information processing system. optical and electrical machinery integration is the development of mechanical and electrical products trend.

2. Systematic self-distribution - Flexible Future electromechanical integration products， and implementation of control systems are adequate “redundancy” and more “flexible” and can better deal with an emergency， is designed “self-distribution system.” Self-discipline in the distribution system， the various subsystems are independent of each other's work， the subsystem for system services， and has its own “self-discipline”， according to different environmental conditions react differently. Its characteristics are subsystem can generate its own information and additional information given in the overall premise， specific “action” can be changed. In this way， significantly increase the system's ability to adapt (flexible)， not because of the failure of a subsystem of the whole system.

3. Holographic systematic - intelligent. Future integration of mechanical and electrical products， “holographic” features more and more obvious， more and more high-level intelligence. This is mainly revenues in the fuzzy technology， information technology (especially software and chip technology) development. In addition， the hierarchical structure of the system，a simple change of “top-down” situation is complex， there is much more two-way link redundancy.

4. “Of a software” of the - Biomimetic systematic. Future integration of electrical and mechanical devices on the dependence of great information， and often the structure is in a “static” instability， but in a dynamic (work) when is stable. This is a bit like living biological: When control system (the brain) to stop work， then of “Death”， and when control system (brain) work， the biological vitality. Bionics research in the field of a number of organisms have been found good institutions can provide products for the electrical and mechanical integration of the new body， but how to live with these new body of “Life” has to be in-depth study. This field of study referred to as “biological - Software” or “biological - System”， and biological characteristics of the hardware (body) - Software (brain) one and indivisible. It seems， electromechanical integration of the products although there are more systematic development， but there is a long way to go.

5. MEMS of - miniaturization. At present， the semiconductor devices used in the manufacturing process of etching technology， in the lab has produced sub-micron mechanical components. When will this result for the actual product， there is no need to distinguish between the mechanical part and controller. Will be completely mechanical and electronic “integration”， and the body， the Executive Body， sensors， such as CPU can be integrated with the size of a small， and the formation of a self-regulatory components. This micro-mechanical integration of electromechanical important direction of development.

Second， the typical electromechanical integration products

Mechanical and electrical subsystems integration products (complete machine) and the foundation yuan， part two categories. Typical mechanical-electrical integration system: CNC machine tools， robotics， automotive electronic products， intelligent instrumentation， electronic publishing printing systems， CAD / CAM systems. Typical electromechanical integration yuan， components are: power electronic devices and devices， programmable logic controller， fuzzy controller， micro-motors， sensors， ASIC， servo institutions. These typical electromechanical integration of technical status quo and development trends， market analysis of (not quoted).

Third， China's development “mechatronics” the situation and tasks facing

Mechanical and electrical integration mainly include two levels: First， by using microelectronic technology to transform traditional industries， and its purpose is energy and materials to enhance efficiency， improve product quality， the traditional industries of technological advances in improving step two is to develop automated， digital ， intelligent mechanical and electrical products， and promote the upgrading of products.

(1) China's “mechatronics” of the situation facing

1. China's microelectronics technology to transform traditional industries with the workload of large and broad， difficult

2. Electromechanical integration technology with China's accelerated product upgrading， enhancing the voice of the market share， pressure.

3. Electromechanical integration with China replaced by products of low technology content and added value， energy， water， supplies， pollution， disturbing product liability heavy and meaningful. China's industrial systems， energy consumption， water consumption big， serious environmental pollution enterprises also accounted for a fairly large proportion. In recent years China's industrial structure， product mix Although several adjustments， but for various reasons， lack of effectiveness has been obvious. This is a higher level inside leading departments from many doors， enterprises are “finding it hard to leave their native land”， “is entrenched industry”， but also optimize the undeniable not the ideal industry， the optimized no Italian products. The best answer long ago put these enterprises in the face， this is the development of mechanical and electrical integration， development and production of the electrical and mechanical integration products. Mechatronics product features strong， good performance， high-quality， low cost， and has a flexible， according to the needs of the market and reflect the user when the product mix and production process to do the necessary restructuring and reform， instead of switching equipment. This is the solution of mechanical and electrical products and more variety， the less important way to mass production. At the same time， for the traditional mechanical industries injection of fresh blood， bringing new vitality， and the heavy machinery production from the manual relieved to achieve civilized production.

Furthermore， from the point of view of market demand， China's research and development of mechanical and electrical integration products with no long history， a big gap between the many varieties of product， quantity， grade， quality， can not meet the demand， larger than the annual import volume， much-needed development.

(2) China's “mechatronics，” the task

China's mechanical and electrical integration， the task can be summed up in two sentences: The first observation is extensively used electromechanical integration technology to transform traditional industries； Another observation is that the mechanical and electrical integration in a big way to develop products， and promote the upgrading of mechanical and electrical products. The overall goal is to promote the formation of mechanical and electrical integration industry for China's industrial structure and product mix adjustment and make contributions.

In short， electromechanical integration technology is to revitalize traditional electromechanical industrial source of fresh blood and driving force， is to open China's electromechanical industry products， the industrial structure adjustment of the keys to the door.

Fourth， China's development “mechatronics” Countermeasures

(1) strengthen the co-ordination arrangements， coordinated development plan

Currently， the country engaged in “mechatronics” research and development and production of many units. Each had a set of its own development strategy. The units in their plans because of the foothold， the focus of the restrictions， it is inevitable to consider only local interests， the competent departments of the project and planning， lack of a unified consider， and make enough issue， the lack of authoritative Looking at the overall development plans and strategic planning. It is therefore recommended that the competent departments instruct the relevant units of in-depth investigation and study and scientific analysis on the basis of the overall development of a unified management “mechatronics” research， development， production plans and programmes to avoid duplication of development， production crashes!

(B) strengthen regulation of the industry， to play the “Association” role

At present， China's “mechatronics” more heat， while the current industry breakdown methods and management system， “from many doors” is the difficult pyridoxine. Therefore， it is necessary to clarify our country a “mechatronics” industry's management body， according to the country's political and economic reforms the spirit， as well as mechanical and electrical integration industry characteristics， we propose that the Beijing as soon as possible to strengthen the construction of the Electrical and Mechanical Integration Association， given its industry management functions. “Association” We should further expand the leadership - the representatives of the Governing Council and the level of coverage， we must strengthen the Office of the Secretariat building； able to pass its smart offices， economic entities， organizations， “industry” development， strategic planning fiction； guidance layout layout of the industry adjustment， the starting point for the development of options， do a good job of the pilot and key projects of the issuing of the project， the tender exercise……

Optimization development environment that through propaganda among the masses， creating a community as a whole， both inside and outside the enterprise to support “the mechanical and electrical integration，” the atmosphere of development， such as China as soon as possible for foreign investors to invest in the development of “mechatronics” industry to provide convenient as possible for the establishment of development， production integration of mechanical and electrical products give the green light to high-tech enterprises； endeavour to develop， manufacture electromechanical integration products， such as the deployment of elements of good resources.

Increase the intensity of support， technology policy， it is necessary to strictly limit the consumption of electricity， water， supplies high-traditional product development， did not use the mechanical and electrical integration of backward technology products restrictions mandatory elimination； strongly advocated using electromechanical integration on the traditional industries for the transformation of the electrical and mechanical integration technology to transform traditional industries dry on the technical development and application of project priority projects， and give priority support to the technical development and application of the unit to contribute to leadership， science and technology personnel of recognition incentives.

(D) to highlight key development， take into account the “two levels”

Mechatronics industries cover a very wide， and our financial， human and material resources are limited， so we grasp mechatronics industry development can not be exhaustive， Bengpuzhixu， it should distinguish between primary and secondary， bold choices， in order， selective. Attention should be paid to work on two levels. The first level is the “face” of work， namely the use of electronic information technology to transform traditional industries， in the traditional electromechanical devices implanted or grafted on Microelectronics (computer) devices， the “machinery” and “electronic” technology in the Jiancengci integrate. The second level is the “increase”， that is the beginning of the new product design， they “machinery” and “electronic” unified consideration， “machinery” and “electronic” inextricably linked， in-depth integration of the new production Products are at least do electromechanical integration.

CONCLUSION: In this paper， in the careful guidance of teachers and strict requirements have been completed. Learning and life， will always feel the careful guidance of a mentor and selfless caring， I benefited. You are here to express our deep gratitude and lofty respect. Why not plot to step of a thousand miles， the smooth completion of the design， but also owe much to the datum related to the serious and responsible teacher， I can well understand and use our professional knowledge， and to be reflected in the design. At the same time， I collected a lot of online information before making my dissertation work smoothly. College of Engineering here to all teachers expressed heartfelt thanks.

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