sem_wait   sem_post

extern int sem_init __P ((sem_t *__sem, int __pshared, unsigned int __value));　　

sem为指向信号量结构的一个指针；pshared不为０时此信号量在进程间共享，否则只能为当前进程的所有线程共享；value给出了信号量的初始值。　　

函数sem_post( sem_t *sem )用来增加信号量的值。当有线程阻塞在这个信号量上时，调用这个函数会使其中的一个线程不在阻塞，选择机制同样是由线程的调度策略决定的。　　

函数sem_wait( sem_t *sem )被用来阻塞当前线程直到信号量sem的值大于0，解除阻塞后将sem的值减一，表明公共资源经使用后减少。函数sem_trywait ( sem_t *sem )是函数sem_wait（）的非阻塞版本，它直接将信号量sem的值减一。　　

函数sem_destroy(sem_t *sem)用来释放信号量sem。　

信号量用sem_init函数创建的，下面是它的说明：
　　#include<semaphore.h>
 int sem_init (sem_t *sem, int pshared, unsigned int value);

#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>

#define ERR_EXIT(m) \
do \
{ \
perror(m); \
exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
} while(0)

#define CONSUMERS_COUNT 1
#define PRODUCERS_COUNT 1
#define BUFFSIZE 10

int g_buffer[BUFFSIZE];

unsigned short in = 0;
unsigned short out = 0;
unsigned short produce_id = 0;
unsigned short consume_id = 0;

sem_t g_sem_full;
sem_t g_sem_empty;
pthread_mutex_t g_mutex;

pthread_t g_thread[CONSUMERS_COUNT + PRODUCERS_COUNT];

void *consume(void *arg)
{
int i;
int num = (int)arg;
while (1)
{
printf("%d wait buffer not empty\n", num);
sem_wait(&g_sem_empty);
pthread_mutex_lock(&g_mutex);

for (i = 0; i < BUFFSIZE; i++)
{
printf("%02d ", i);
if (g_buffer[i] == -1)
printf("%s", "null");
else
printf("%d", g_buffer[i]);

if (i == out)
printf("\t<--consume");

printf("\n");
}
consume_id = g_buffer[out];
printf("%d begin consume product %d\n", num, consume_id);
g_buffer[out] = -1;
out = (out + 1) % BUFFSIZE;
printf("%d end consume product %d\n", num, consume_id);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_mutex);
sem_post(&g_sem_full);
sleep(1);
}
return NULL;
}

void *produce(void *arg)
{
int num = (int)arg;
int i;
while (1)
{
printf("%d wait buffer not full\n", num);
sem_wait(&g_sem_full);
pthread_mutex_lock(&g_mutex);
for (i = 0; i < BUFFSIZE; i++)
{
printf("%02d ", i);
if (g_buffer[i] == -1)
printf("%s", "null");
else
printf("%d", g_buffer[i]);

if (i == in)
printf("\t<--produce");

printf("\n");
}

printf("%d begin produce product %d\n", num, produce_id);
g_buffer[in] = produce_id;
in = (in + 1) % BUFFSIZE;
printf("%d end produce product %d\n", num, produce_id++);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_mutex);
sem_post(&g_sem_empty);
sleep(5);
}
return NULL;
}

int main(void)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < BUFFSIZE; i++)
g_buffer[i] = -1;

sem_init(&g_sem_full, 0, BUFFSIZE);
sem_init(&g_sem_empty, 0, 0);

pthread_mutex_init(&g_mutex, NULL);

for (i = 0; i < CONSUMERS_COUNT; i++)
pthread_create(&g_thread[i], NULL, consume, (void *)i);

for (i = 0; i < PRODUCERS_COUNT; i++)
pthread_create(&g_thread[CONSUMERS_COUNT + i], NULL, produce, (void *)i);

for (i = 0; i < CONSUMERS_COUNT + PRODUCERS_COUNT; i++)
pthread_join(g_thread[i], NULL);

sem_destroy(&g_sem_full);
sem_destroy(&g_sem_empty);
pthread_mutex_destroy(&g_mutex);

return 0;
}