English:现在分词和过去分词的用法

1.现在分词与过去分词的区别：
表示情感的及物动词如excite, discourage, disappoint, encourage, inspire, interest, move, please, puzzle, surprise, worry等，其分词常加上后缀-ing或-ed转化为分词（也可称为形容词），用作表、定、状或补语。在这种情况下，分词主要体现了语态的不同。现在分词有主动意味，含有“具有令人……的特性”的意思；而过去分词有被动意味，含有“受到影响而感到……”的意思。例如：
In Aswan, there are plenty of interesting places to visit. 阿斯旺有许多值得一去的地方。
Some people whose lives are full are always interesting to talk to. 有些人的生活经历丰富，与他们交谈总是令人感兴趣的。
If I can find you any support, would you be interested? 假如我能为你找到资助，你对此有兴趣吗？
但是，由不及物动词转化而成的分词作形容词时，则体现了时态的不同。现在分词表示该动作正在进行，而过去分词表示该动作已经完成。例如：
The woodcutter was standing next to a fallen tree. 那个樵夫站在一棵伐倒的树旁。
fallen leaves落（在地上的）叶（比较：a falling leaf一片飘落的树叶）
boiled water（煮）开（过的）水（比较：boiling water沸腾着的水）
the risen sun升得老高的日头（比较：the rising sun初升的太阳）
现在我来回答你的具体问题。
dog是Barking动作的发起者，表示主动关系。自然就没有barked dogs这一说法了。
我们可以说I lost a chance yesterday.反过来也可以说A chance was lost yesterday.所以说chance是lost的承受者，表示被动关系。想通了么？
自然就没有losting chance这一说法了。
这个消息很激动人心。是说这个消息“具有令人激动起来的特性”，于是它就表示主动了嘛。
学生们很激动。是说他们“受到什么影响而感到激动”，这样它就表示就是被动了哦！

＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊

现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。

1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。

【例如】

Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.

The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention, the plants could grow better.

He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.

分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。

【例如】

Notshavingsenough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands).

Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6)

A)shavingsbelieved B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed

本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此，应用现在分词，答案为B.

No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6)

A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed

本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.

____as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (CET-4 1996,1)

A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published

本句中as引导的是让步状语从句，意思为：他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版，还是引起了关注，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.

2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。

【例如】

When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work..

Once recovered, he threw himselfsintoshis work and made every effort to do it well.

Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.

3)分词作定语分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。

【例如】

We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.

This is really an exhausting day to all of us!

We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.

After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.

More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.

The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack..

As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____50 households or more. (CET-4 1998,1)

A)shavingsB) to have C) to have had D)shavingshad Town

后面由分词做定语，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town与分词间为主谓关系，应该用现在分词，答案为A。

4)分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。

【例如】

On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.

The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.

We should not leave him wondering what he should do.

I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.

I caught him dozing off in class.

过去分词可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge动词等后面作宾语补足语。

【例如】

After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken.You should keep her informed of what is going on here.The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination.

在动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。

【例如】

I saw Mr. White get off a bus.

I saw Mr. White lookingsintosa shop window.

——Do you hear someone knocking at the door?

——Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.

5)分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。

【例如】

The film“Pearl Harbor”is really exciting. I am excited about it.

His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.

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