英语语法：定语从句讲解

1. 注意英汉差异：汉语的定语无论多长都放在被修饰词的前面，而英语中的定语则不然，是一个词时，放在被修饰词的前面，如：
① .a beautiful girl
② .a lovely boy
是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面，如：啊
③ .She is the girl in red.
她就是穿红衣的女孩。
④ .The lady carried a bag full of money.
那位女士背了个装满钱的包。
⑤ .He is the man who you are looking for.
她就是你在找的人。
2. 分清主句与从句，看究竟哪个句子缺少成分。
如上面第5 ：
主句： He is the man
从句： who you are looking for
在从句中，looking for 的宾语是the man. 因此选用关系代词 who(whom) 放置于句首，便是定语从句。
3. 从句中做宾语的关系代词可以省略，故第5 题可以写成：
He is the man you are looking for.
1 、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语
2 、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后
Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please.
3 、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词
（1 ）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every- 和no 与-boy, -thing 的合成词；或all 、none 、any 、some 、that 、those 等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。
（2 ）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点：
①先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。
This is the place which is worth visiting.
②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。
There are many places we can visit （them ） in China.
4 、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词
关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as 。
关系副词：when, where, why 。that 偶尔也作关系副词。
5 、确定关系词的步骤
（1 ）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。
（2 ）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。
6 、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that 而不用 which
（1 ）先行词被①形容词最高级 ②序数词 ③数词几种词修饰或被 ④only 、any 、few 、little 、no 、all 、one of 等修饰时。
（2 ）先行词为all 、much 、little 、none 、few 、one 、something 、anything 等不定代词时。
（3 ）先行词中既有人又有物时。
He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.
（4 ）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。
The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
（5 ）当主句中含有疑问词which 时。
Which are the books that you bought for me ?
7 、宜用which 而不用that 的情况
（1 ）在非限制性定语从句中
（2 ）在关系词前有介词时
（3 ）当先行词本身是that 时
（4 ）当关系词离先行词较远时
8 、关系词who 与that 指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词
（1 ）当主句是there be 句型时，关系词用who 。
（2 ）先行词是为anyone 、those 、someone 、everyone 、one 等词时，关系词用who 。
（3 ）当主句是who 作疑问词时，关系词用that 。
Who is that girl that is standing by the window?
（4 ）whom 在从句中只作宾语，可被who 取代。
9 、whose 作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。 如：
Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ?
There is a room, whose window faces the river.
There is a room, the window of which faces the river.
10 、关系代词as, 在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。
（1 ）先行词被such 和the same 修饰，或句型as many （much ）中，从句都用as 引导。
Such books as you bought are useful.
The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.
注意：区别①such … that … 引导的结果状语从句。 They are such
lovely children that we love them much. ②the same … that … 引导定语从句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.

（2 ）无先行词的定语从句用as 和which 引导。
区别：①意义上：as 含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。
He didn ’ t pass the exam, as we had expected.
There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out.
As is known, the earth is round, not flat.
11 、关系副词when 与where 、why 、 that
when 指时间 = in / at / on / during which
where 指地点 = in / at / from / which
why 指原因 = for which
当先行词为way 、day 、reason 、time 时，可用that 作关系副词。（非正式场合）
I don ’ t like the way that / in which / he talks.
当time 作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。
This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.
12 、必须注意的问题
（1 ）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。
（2 ）注意区别定语从句与强调句。
①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。
②强调it 无意义，that / who 不是引导词。
③强调it is / was 和that / who 后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。
It is the museum that / which we visited last year.( 定语从句 )
It was in the hotel that we stayed last night. （强调句）
（3 ）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
①定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that 充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。
②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that 不能充当任何成分，不可省。
Word came that their army was defeated.( 同位语 )
We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.( 定语 )
（4 ）关系词在从句中省略的情况。
①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。
②关系词作表语。
（5 ）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。
（6 ）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which 和whom 。
（7 ）几个特殊的定语从句句型：
① He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks
in the match. （句中one 为先行词）
He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match. （句中students 为先行词）
② Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?
Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ?
③ He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.
④ It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.
' 二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1. The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that faraway village. （NMET   2001 ）
A.until           B.that           C.when            D.where
解析：答案为C 。本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择。作好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词the hours 和关系词被介词短语to me 所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词hours, 并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词when 。
2. ___________ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.(NMET   2001)
A.It             B.As             C.That            D.What
解析：答案为B 。本题考查as 引导的非限制定语从句。as 作“正如……”解时，引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子。当as 在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：as is known 、as is said 、as is reported 、as is announced 等。要注意掌握作关系代词引导定语从句的用法。
3. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ___________ he grew up as a child.(NMET   1996)
A.which          B.where          C.that             D.when
解析：答案为B 。本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语the small town, 且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系副词where 引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词。

定语从句的“干扰”作用
定语从句，就其功能来说，在整个句子中相当于一个形容词，对某一名词或代词起着修饰作用，作定语。在掌握它的各种功能的同时，我们还要注意到含有定语从句的句子在补充信息的同时，关系词与其他连词容易混淆，尤其是与其他句式的结合，更使得整个句子显得扑朔迷离，使考生感到无从下手，我们说此时定语从句起的是干扰作用。本文结合具体例子来谈此种现象。
一、把定语从句与强调句型混为一谈，从而构成相互干扰。
本句型变化的特征在被强调部分或其他部分中找出一个先行词，附上修饰该部分的定语从句，这样整个句子结构就变得非常复杂。例如：
1 ．—— He was nearly drowned once.
—— When was _______?
—— ____ was in 1998 ______he was in middle school.
A. that; It; when B. this; This; when
C. this; It; that D. that; It; that
[ 简析] ：本题答案为A 。由于定语从句的干扰作用，相当一部分考生选了D 。这样就成了It was in 1998 that he was in middle school. 这样就成了一个强调句型，意为“是在1998 年他上的中学”，孤立地看本句虽成立，但联系上下文来看，却属“所问非所答”。因为上文问的是“他何时差点每被淹死？”而非“何时上的中学”。原来when 是关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰1998 。定语从句when he was in middle school 干扰了强调句型中的that 结构。
在下面的两个句子里，划线部分均为起干扰性的定语从句。
2 ． It was in the village where he was born that he spent his childhood.
[ 简析] ：划线部分为定语从句，修饰先行词village 。
3 ．It was playing computer games that cost the boy plenty of time （that ） he ought to have spent doing his lessons.
[ 简析] ：划线部分作定语从句修饰先行词time 。本题中有两个that ，最大的误会就是把二者弄混，第一个that 是强调句型中的；第二个that 是关系代词引导定语从句的。因其作spent 的宾语，可以省去。
二、定语从句干扰主句的谓语。
4 ． The letter we were looking forward to _____yesterday.
A. coming B. came C. come D. has come
[ 简析] ：由于同学们已经记得很熟，look forward to doing sth( 期待去做某事), to 为介词，因此不假思索就选A 。其实，we were looking forward to 为定语从句，修饰先行词即主语letter ，介词to 的宾语实为主语，而不能对其后的谓语起任何作用，结合时态用法，答案为B 。再如：
5 ． Was the car he had repaired?
[ 简析] ：本句看似复杂，尤其是受思维习惯的影响把he had repaired 连在一起，其实去掉定语从句he had 则水落石出： Was the car repaired?
三、定语从句对和名词性从句的相互干扰。
由于形式上的近似，定语从句对名词性从句起着干扰作用，造成考生分不清究竟是定语从句或是名词性从句。做此类题时要慎重，细心。
A ．定语从句干扰表语从句
6 ． Is this school ______your father worked in ten years ago?
7 ． Is this school ______your father worked ten years ago?
A. where B. what C. that D. the one
[ 简析] ：看了半天，眼睛发酸，才发现两题只有一词(in) 之差，正是这一词之差，第一题选D ，your father worked in 作定语从句修饰the one; 第二题选A, where 引导后面的句子作表语从句。
下面两句都是定语从句，只不过是关系词的不同。
8 ． Is this the school that your father visited ten years ago?
9 ． Is this the school where your father worked ten years ago?
有时虽同为定语从句，但修饰的先行词却不同：
10 ．Is this room the one he lived in last year? （修饰the one ）
11 ．Is this the room he lived in last year? （修饰the room ）
B ．定语从句干扰同位语从句
12 ． The suggestion _________ you should do it at once is not the one _______ I gave you.

A. what; which B. which; what C. that; that D. which; that
[ 简析] ：定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that 从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply ，promise, suggestion 等。that 在定语从句中做成分，可用which 或who/whom 代替；而that 在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用, 综上所述，答案为C 。试比较：
13 ．We all have heard the news that our team won. ( 同位语从句，that 从句表示news 的内容，that 在此只起连接作用，不作句子成分。 )
14 ． We don ’t believe the news that/ which he told us the other day. ( 定语从句，关系代词that/which 作told 的宾语，可以省去 )
C ．定语从句干扰主语从句
15 ． As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.
[ 简析] ：as 引导非限定性定语从句，指代主句内容，可放在主句前，用逗号与之隔开。
16 ． It is known to all that Taiwan is part of China.
[ 简析] ：it 作形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句。
下面是一些同类的例子，请认真把握：
17 ．The suggestion he thought of was reasonable. ( 定语从句 )
18 ．The suggestion was that he (should) leave immediately. （表语从句）
19 ．The suggestion that he leave immediately is reasonable. ( 同位语从句 )
20 ．It is my suggestion that he leave immediately. ( 主语从句 )
21 ．It is a fact that he was a thief. （主语从句）
22 ．The fact that he was a thief surprised everyone present. （同位语从句）
23 ．I nearly forgot the fact that he told me yesterday. （定语从句）
24 ．The war and suffering it caused affected him greatly. （定语从句）
四、定语从句对状语从句的干扰作用。
25 ． He is _____a clever boy _______ we all like him.
A. such; that B. such; as C. so; that D. so; as
[ 简析] ：本题选A 。许多考生对such …as 结构很熟悉，但没有深入分析as 的引导功能和在句子中所作的成分而误选B 。由于句中him 的存在，不能使用as ，这是such …that 引导的结果状语从句。试比较下列两句：
26 ．He is such a good student as is liked by everyone. ( 定语从句 )
27 ．He is such a good student that he is liked by everyone. （结果状语从句）
下面这个题把定语从句和结果状语从句有机地结合在一起，请欣赏：
28 ． It is such a good place ______ everybody wants to go and visit _____ it is well known all over the world.
A. that; that B. as; as C. as; that D. that; as
[ 简析] ：此类试题可看作一个模式：“…such+ 名词+as+ 定语从句+that+ 结果状语从句”，故答案选C 。
五、定语从句与独立主格结构的相互干扰。
29 ． With everything she needed bought, she left the shop happily.
[ 简析] ：句中的划线部分为定语从句，修饰先行词everything ，使独立主格结构复杂化。
30 ． Not far from the club, there was a garden, _____ owner seated in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon.
A. whose B. its C. which D. that
[ 简析] ：经过对多名学生的实验，几乎都把空格所在的句子看作非限定性定语从句而选了A 。殊不知，这是一个独立主格结构，its owner 作seated 的逻辑主语，应选B 。如选A ，应在owner 和seated 之间加上was 。
六、定语从句对主谓一致句式的干扰
31 ． One of the boys who______ my friends______very good at English.
A. is; are B. are; is C. is; is D. are; are
[ 简析] ：定语从句中的谓语动词须与先行词的数保持一致，这就要找准先行词。关键是看准定语从句所修饰的是one 或是boys 。如是one of …，定语从句谓语动词用复数；如是the (only) one of …，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。但不管那种形式，主句中的谓语动词要用单数形式，故答案选B 。再如：
32 ． He is one of the students who are late for class.
33 ． He is the only one of the students who is late for class.
七、定语从句对并列句的干扰作用。
34 ． I have two novels, and both of ________ are interesting.
35 ． I have two novels, both of _______are interesting.
A. what B. them C. which D. whom
[ 简析] ：以上两题，带连词and 的为并列句，不带连词的为非限定性定语从句，故34 例选具体人称代词them ，35 选关系代词which 。在做类似题的时候，一定得注意巨子间有没有连词，这是解题的关键。
八、定语从句对一些固定句式的干扰
36 ．You can ’ t imagine the hard time she had ______ the children.
A. bringing up B. to bring up C. growing D. on raising
[ 简析] ：结合题义和词义，我们可以断定句中的she had 是定语从句，修饰前面的time 。将其还原成正常句式则为：she had a hard time (in) bringing up the children. 故答案选A 。
下面的几例都是有正常的句式转化而成的定语从句，你能看出其常见的结构吗？
37 ． The washing machine she had had repaired went wrong again.
38 ．You can ’ t imagine the difficulty I had finding your lost car.
39 ． The person you had help me proved to be capable.
40 ．I lay in the sofa, enjoying the beautiful music Jack had coming out of his DVD.

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