计算机英语-学习笔记

必备短语
翻译题
Section A

必备短语

Artificial intelligence—人工智能
Optical computer—光脑（光学计算机）
Neural network—神经网络
Instruction set—指令集
Parallel processing—并行处理
Difference engine—差分机
Vacuum tube—真空管
Versatile logical element—通用逻辑元件
Voice recognition module—语音识别模块
Touch-sensitive region—触摸屏
Address bus—地址总线
Dot-matrix printer—点阵打印机
Parallel connection—并行连接
Cathode ray tube—阴极射线管
Video game—电子游戏
Audio signal—音频信号
Storage register—存储寄存器
Function statement—函数语句
Program statement—程序语句
Object-oriented language—面向对象语言
Assembly language—汇编语言
Intermediate language—中间语言
Relational language—关系语言
Data declaration—数据声明
Inference engine—推理机
System call—系统调用
Compiled language—编译执行的语言
Interpreter program—解释程序
Parallel computing—并行计算
Library routine—库程序（程序库例行程序）
Intermediate program—中间程序
Source file—源文件
System specification—系统规范
Unit testing—单元测试
Software life cycle—软件生命周期
System validation—系统验证
Evolutionary development process—进化发展过程
Program unit—程序单元
Throwaway prototype—抛弃式原型开发
End user—终端用户
Database administrator—数据库管理员
Relational database model—关系数据库模型
Object-oriented database—面向对象数据库
Database management system—数据库管理系统
Entity-relationship model—实体关系模型
Distributed database—分布式数据库
Flat file—平面文件
Analog transmission—模拟传输
Computer terminal—计算机终端
Radio telephone—无线电话
Carrier sense—载波监听
Protocol suit—协议集
Peer-to-peer model—对等模型
Bus topology network—总线拓扑结构网络
Proprietary network—专用网络
Utility package—实用软件包
Star network—星型网络
Routing path—路由选择通路
Dual-ring topology—双环形拓扑
Extended star topology—扩展星型拓扑
Backbone network—骨干网
Mesh topology—网状拓扑
Cell phone—移动电话
Autonomous system—自治系统
Dial-up connection—拨号连接
Network identifier—网络标识符
Binary notation—二进制计数法
Mnemonic name—助记名
Internet infrastructure—因特网基础设施
Name server—名字服务器
Mailing list—邮件列表
Proprietary software—专有软件
Forwarded e-mail messages—转发的电子邮件
Confidential document—机密文件
Customized marketing strategy—定制的市场策略
B2G transaction—企业对政府的交易
C2C transaction—消费者对消费者的交易
Digital piracy—数字盗版
Web auction site—网络拍卖网站
Fingerprint reader—指纹读取器
encryption program—加密程序
Deletion command—删除命令
Authorized user—特许用户
Backup copy—备份副本
Voltage surge—电压浪涌
Circuit breaker—断路开关
Electronic component—电子元件
Data-entry error—数据输入错误
Electronic break-in—电子非法进入
hash table —杂凑(哈希)表
priority queues —优先队列
context-free —与上下文无关
LIFO (last-in, first-out) 后进先出
FIFO (first-in, first-out) 先进先出
traverse —遍历
Head pointer —头指针 tail pointer —尾指针
circular queue —循环队列
side effect —副作用
Destination address—目的地址
Performance degradation—性能下降
Four-interface bridge—四接口网桥
Common bus—公共总线
数据的存储与处理—storage and handling of data
超大规模集成电路—very large-scale integrated circuit
模拟计算机—analogue computer
数字计算机—digital computer
处理器芯片—processor chip
操作指令—operation instruction
输入设备—input device
操作系统—Operating system
液晶显示器—Liquid Crystal display
喷墨打印机—Inkjet printer
串行连接—Serial Connection
易失性存储器—Volatile memory
激光打印机—Laser printer
基本输入输出系统—Basic Input/Output System
视频显示器—video display
可执行程序—Executable program
程序模块—Program module
条件语句—Conditional statement
赋值语句—Assignment statement
逻辑语句—Logic language
机器语言—Machine language
函数式语言—Functional language
程序设计语言—Programming Language
解释执行的语言—Interpreted language
设备驱动程序—device drivers
源程序—source program
调试程序—debugger
目标代码—object code
应用程序—Application program
实用程序—utility program
存储单元—Memory Location
系统设计范例—system design paradigm
需求分析与定义—Requirements analysis and definition
瀑布模型—Waterfall model
系统集成—system integration
商用现成软件—commercial off-the-shelf software
基于组件的软件工程—component-based software engineering
软件维护工具—software maintenance tool
软件复用—software reuse
二维表—two-dimensional table
数据属性—data attribute
层次数据库模型—Hierarchical database mode
数据库体系结构—Database Architecture
关系数据库管理系统—relational database management system
原子操作— atomic operations
光缆—fiber-optic cable
无线通信—wireless communication
点对点通信—point-to-point communication
传输媒体—transmission media
无绳电话—cordless telephone
数字用户线路—Digital subscriber line
综合业务数字网—integrated services digital network
移动电话—cellular telephone
令牌环—token ring
环形拓扑结构—ring topology
客户机/服务器模型—client/server model
网络应用进程—network application process
打印服务器—print server
进程间通信—interprocess communication
同轴电缆—coaxial cable
逻辑拓扑结构—logical topology
树型拓扑结构—tree topology
助记地址—mnemonic address
网吧—cyber cafe
宽带因特网访问—broadband Internet access
顶级域名—top-level domain
点分十进制计数法—dotted decimal notation
因特网服务提供商—Internet service provider
专用因特网连接—dedicated Internet connection
主机地址—host address
信息高速公路—information superhighway
文字处理程序—word processor
电子数据表程序—spreadsheet program
演示软件—presentation software
电子商务—electronic commerce
电子数据交换—electronic data interchange (EDI)
库存管理技术—inventory management technology
知识产权—intellectual property
视网膜扫描仪—retina scanner
个人数字助理—personal digital assistant
检测程序—Detection program
破坏性计算机程序—destructive computer program
计算机病毒—computer virus
硬盘驱动器—hard-disk drive
病毒检查程序—virus checker
主存储器—primary storage
电子公告板—electronic bulletin board
浪涌电压保护器—surge protector
优先队列—priority queues
效率、抽象性和复用性—efficiency, abstraction, and reusability
数据链路层—data-link layer
开放式系统互连—Open Systems Interconnection
物理地址—physical address
多媒体光盘—multimedia compact disk

翻译题

OS design strongly depends on two factors architectural features of the computer on which it operates and features of its application domain Dependence on architectural features is caused by the need to exercise compete control over all functional units of the system, Hence the OS needs to know the addressing Structure, Interrupt structure, IO organization and memory protection features of the computer s stem OS polices typically

操作系统的设计强烈依赖于两个因素：操作系统所运行的计算机的体系结构特征，其应用领域的特征对体系结构特征的依赖是由于需要对系统的所有功能单元进行竞争控制，因此操作系统需要了解寻址结构、中断结构、以及，计算机系统操作系统策略的IO组织和内存保护功能

High-level languages are relatively sophisticated sets of statements utilizing words and syntax from human language.

高级语言是相对复杂的一系列语句，它们使用来自人类语言的词汇和句法

A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.

计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。

A digital computer is not a single machine: rather, it is a system composed of five distinct elements(1) a central processing unit; (2) input device;(3) memory storage devices;(4) output devices; and (5) a communication network, called a bus, which links all the elements of the system and connects the system to the external world.

一台数字计算机不是单一的机器。确切地说，它是由5个不同的要素组成的系统：（1）中央处理器；（2）输入设备；（3）存储设备；（4）输出设备；以及（5）被称作总线的通信网络，它将系统的所有要素连接起来并将系统与外界连接起来。

A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data.

一个程序就是一系列指令，告诉计算机硬件对数据执行什么样的操作

Computer hardware is the equipment involved in the function of a computer and consist of the components that can be physically handled.
计算机硬件是计算机运行所需要的设备，由可被物理操纵的部件组成。
Software, on the other hand, is the set of instruction a computer uses to manipulate data, such as a word-processing program or a video game.

另一方面，软件是计算机用来处理数据的一套指令，如文字处理程序或电子游戏。

A mouse is a pointing device designed to be gripped by one hand.

鼠标是为一只手抓握而设计的指示设备.

An optical scanner uses light-sensing equipment to convert images such as a picture or text into electronic signals that can be manipulated by a computer.

光扫描仪利用光感应设备将图片或文本等形式的图像转换成计算机能够处理的电子信号。

A modem, which stands for modulator-demodulator, is a device that connects a computer to a telephone line and allows information to be transmitted to or received from another computer.

调制解调器(modem)是调制解调器(modulator-解调器)的缩写，它是一种把计算机和电话线连接起来的设备，可以把信息传送到另一台计算机或从另一台计算机接收信息。

Programming languages, in computer science, are the artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions ( a computer program ) that can be run by a computer.

在计算机科学中，编程语言是用于编写可由计算机运行的一系列指令（计算机程序）的人工语言。

Programming languages can be classified as either low-level languages or high-level languages.

编程语言可分为低级语言和高级语言。

High-level languages are commonly classified as procedure-oriented, functional, object-oriented, or logic languages.

高级语言通常分为面向过程语言、函数式语言、面向对象语言或逻辑语言。当今最常见的高级语言是面向过程语言。

A computer program is a set of instructions that directs a computer to perform some processing function or combination of functions.

计算机程序是指挥计算机执行某种处理功能或功能组合的一套指令。

An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices, monitors, keyboards, printers, and modems, so that they may be used by other programs.

操作系统管理计算机以及与之相连的各种资源和设备，如随机存储器、硬盘驱动器、监视器、键盘、打印机和调制解调器，以便其他程序可以使用它们。

A software process is a set of activities that leads to the production of a software product.

一个软件过程是生产出软件产品的一系列活动.

A software process model is an abstract representation of a software process.

一个软件过程模型是对一个软件过程的一种抽象表示。

database management system (DBMS) defines, creates, and maintains a database. The DBMS also allows controlled access to data in the database. A DBMS is a combination of five components: hardware, software, data, users, and procedures.

数据库管理系统定义、创建和维护数据库。数据库管理系统也允许对数据库中的数据进行受控的访问。一个数据库管理系统由5个组成部分构成：硬件、软件、数据、用户和规程。

A database model defines the logical design of data. The model also describes the relationships between different parts of the data. In the history of database design, three models have been in use: the hierarchical model, the network model, and the relational model.

数据库模型定义数据的逻辑设计。它也描述数据的不同部分之间的关系。在数据库设计史上，使用过3种数据库模型：层次模型、网络模型和关系模型。

A computer crime is an illegal action in which the perpetrator uses special knowledge of computer technology.

计算机犯罪是犯罪者使用专门的计算机技术知识做出的非法行为。

Passwords are secret words or numbers that must be keyed into a computer system to gain access.

口令是秘密的单词或数字，人们必须将其键入一个计算机系统才能对该系统进行访问。

Software piracy is the unauthorized copying of programs for personal gain.

软件盗版就是为个人利益而对程序进行的未经授权的复制

The process of inserting an object on the stack is called a push operation, and the process of deleting an object is called a pop operation. Thus we speak of pushing an entry onto a stack and popping an entry off a stack.

把一个对象插入堆栈的操作称为进栈操作，而从堆栈中删除一个对象的操作称为出栈操作，所以我们常说将一个条目进栈或者将其出栈。

A process is an execution of a program or of a part of a program. It differs from a program when concurrent programming techniques are used for coding the program. In such a case many processes can execute a program or a part of a program.

进程是一个程序或一个程序部分的一次执行。在应用并行编码技术时，许多进程可以执行同一程序或其一部分，这时进程与程序是不同的。

According to many historians, the true pioneers of the modern digital computer are Analytical Engine and Difference Engine.（分析机和差分机）
The microprocessor is a central processing unit on a single chip. It was made possible in the mid-1970s with the introduction of the LSI circuit and the VLSI (Very Large Integrated circuit)

微处理器是单片芯片上的一个中央处理单元。20世纪70年代中期，随着大规模集成电路(LSI)和超大集成电路(VLSI)的出现，这一技术成为可能

A program is a sequence of instructions that can be executed by the a computer. It can either be built into the hardware or exist independently in the form of software.

程序是可以由计算机执行的一系列指令。它既可以内置在硬件中，也可以以软件的形式独立存在。

The software that controls the interaction between the input and output hardware is called BIOS, which stands for Basic Input/Output System.

控制输入和输出硬件之间交互的软件称为BIOS，它代表基本输入/输出系统。

The two main types of storage devices are disk drives and memory.

两种主要类型的存储设备是磁盘驱动器和内存。

A serial connection transfers only one piece of data at a time while a parallel connection transfer blocks of information at the same time.

串行连接一次只传输一个数据，而并行连接同时传输信息块。

Storage hardware provides permanent storage of information and programs for retrieval by the computer. The two main types of storage device are disk drives and memory. These are several types of disk drives: hard, floppy, magneto-optical, and compact. Hard disk drives store information in magnetic particles embedded in a disk. Usually a permanent part of the computer, hard disk drives can store large amounts of information and retrieve that information very quickly. Floppy disk drives also store information in magnetic particles embedded in removable disks that may be floppy or rigid. Magneto-optical disc drives store information on removable discs that are sensitive to both laser light and magnetic fields. They can typically store as much information as hard disks but have slightly slower retrieval speeds. Compact disc drives (CD-ROM) store information on pits burned into the surface of a disc of reflective material.

存储硬件为计算机检索信息和程序提供永久性的存储。两种主要类型的存储设备是磁盘驱动器和内存。有几种类型的磁盘驱动器:硬盘驱动器、软盘驱动器、磁光驱动器和紧凑驱动器。硬盘驱动器将信息存储在嵌入在磁盘中的磁粒子中。硬盘驱动器通常是计算机的永久性部件，它可以存储大量的信息，并可以非常迅速地检索这些信息，软盘驱动器还将信息存储在嵌入在可移动软盘或刚性磁盘中的磁粒子中。磁光盘驱动器将信息存储在可移动的光盘上，这些光盘对激光和磁场都很敏感。它们通常可以存储和硬盘一样多的信息，但检索速度略慢。光盘驱动器(CD-ROM)储存在反射材料光盘表面刻蚀坑的信息。光盘驱动器(CD-ROM)储存在反射材料光盘表面刻蚀坑的信息。

A machine language is a low-level language in binary code that a computer can understand and execute directly.

机器语言是一种用二进制代码编写的低级语言，计算机可以直接理解和执行。

High-level languages must first be translated into a machine language by another program called a compiler before they can be understood and processed by a computer.

高级语言在被计算机理解和处理之前，必须首先被另一个称为编译器的程序翻译成机器语言。

Statements known as data declarations give names and properties to elements of a program called variables. Variables can be assigned different values within the program. The properties variables can have are called types, and they include such things as what possible values might be saved in the variables, how much numerical accuracy is to be used in the values, and how one variable may represent a collection of simpler values in an organized fashion, such as a table or array. In many programming languages, a key data type is a pointer. Variables that are pointers do not themselves have values; instead, they have information that the computer can use to locate some other variable—that is, they point to another variable.

被称为数据声明的语句为程序中称为变量的元素提供名称和属性。在程序中可以给变量赋不同的值。属性变量可以被称为类型,它们包括诸如什么可能的值可能是保存在变量中使用多少数值精度值,以及一个变量可能代表一组简单的值以有组织的方式,比如一个表或数组。在许多编程语言中，关键数据类型是指针。指针类型的变量本身没有值;相反，它们拥有计算机可以用来定位其他变量的信息——也就是说，它们指向另一个变量。

The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code.

组成程序源文件的个别指令称为源代码。

A special applications program translates the source code into object code—a format that the operating system will recognize as a proper program and be able to execute.

一个特殊的应用程序将源代码转换成目标代码——一种操作系统将识别为适当程序并能够执行的格式。

Three types of applications programs translate from source code to object code: compilers, interpreters, and assemblers.

有三种类型的应用程序可以将源代码转换为目标代码:编译器、解释器和汇编器。

Device drivers are system routines that are added to an operating system to allow the computer to communicate with a new device, such as scanner, modem, or printer.

设备驱动程序是添加到操作系统的系统例程，允许计算机与新设备(如扫描仪、调制解调器或打印机)通信。

A compiler translates all the source code of a program written in a high-level language into object code prior to the execution of the program.

在执行程序之前，编译器会将用高级语言编写的程序的所有源代码翻译成目标代码。

A debugger is a program that is often used to help find problems in other programs.

调试器是一种经常用来帮助发现其他程序中的问题的程序。

Modern computers usually store programs on some form of magnetic storage media that can be accessed randomly by the computer, such as the hard driver disk permanently located in the computer, or a portable floppy disk. Additional information on such disks, called directories, indicates the names of the various programs on the disk, when they were written to the disk, and where the program begins on the disk media.

现代计算机通常将程序存储在某种形式的磁存储介质上，计算机可以随机访问这些介质，例如永久存储在计算机中的硬盘驱动器，或便携式软盘。这些磁盘上的附加信息称为目录，指示磁盘上各种程序的名称、它们被写入磁盘的时间以及程序在磁盘介质上的起始位置。

The three-level architecture for a DBMS consists of the internal, conceptual, and external level.

数据库管理系统的三级体系结构包括内部层、概念层和外部层。

In the relational database model, data is organized in two-dimensional tables called relations.

在关系数据库模型中，数据被组织在称为关系的二维表中。

Telecommunications messages can be sent in a variety of ways and by a wide range of devices. The messages can be sent from one sender to a single receiver (point-to-point) or from one sender to many receivers (point-to-multipoint). Personal communications, such as a telephone conversation between two people or a facsimile (fax) message, usually involve point-to-point transmission. Point-to-multipoint telecommunications often called broadcasts, provide the basis for commercial radio and television programming.

电信信息可以通过多种方式和多种设备发送。消息可以从一个发送方发送到单个接收方(点对点)或从一个发送方发送到多个接收方(点对多点)。个人通信，如两个人之间的电话交谈或传真信息，通常涉及点对点传输。点对多点通信通常被称为广播，为商业广播和电视节目提供了基础。

A computer network is often classified as being either a local area network, a metropolitan area network , or a wide area network.

计算机网络通常分为局域网、城域网和广域网

A network can also be classified as a open network or a closed network according to whether its internal operation is based on designs in the public domain or on innovations owned and controlled by a particular entity.

根据网络的内部运行是基于公共领域的设计，还是基于特定实体拥有和控制的创新，网络也可以分为开放网络或封闭网络。

A network can also be classified according to its topology. Among the most popular topologies are the bus topology, ring topology and star topology.

网络也可以根据其拓扑结构进行分类。其中最流行的拓扑是总线拓扑、环形拓扑和星形拓扑。

In a(n) Ethernet system, the right to transmit messages is controlled by the protocol known as CSMA/CD.

在以太网系统中，传输消息的权利由称为CSMA/CD的协议控制。

The client/server model for interprocess communication defines the basic roles played by the processes as either a client or a server.

用于进程间通信的客户机/服务器模型定义了进程作为客户机或服务器所扮演的基本角色。

The peer-to-peer model involves two processes communicating as equals and usually executing on a temporary basis.

对等模型涉及两个对等通信的进程，通常在临时基础上执行。

The Internet is an open system. In particular, communication throughout the Internet is governed by an open collection of standards known as the TCP/IP protocol suite. Anyone is free to use these standards without paying fees or signing license agreements. In contrast, a company such as Novell Inc. might develop systems for which it chooses to maintain ownership rights, allowing the company to draw income from selling or leasing these products. Networks based on such systems are examples of closed networks.

互联网是一个开放的系统。特别是，整个Internet的通信是由一组开放的标准所控制的，这些标准称为TCP/IP协议套件。任何人都可以免费使用这些标准，无需支付费用或签署许可协议。相反，像Novell Inc.这样的公司可能会为其开发保留所有权的系统，从而允许公司从销售或租赁这些产品中获得收入。基于这种系统的网络就是封闭网络的例子。

A network topology is how computers, printers, and other devices are connected over a network.

网络拓扑是指计算机、打印机和其他设备通过网络连接的方式。

Connecting devices can be divided into four types based on their functionality as related to the layers in the OSI model: repeaters, bridges, routers, and gateways.

根据与OSI模型中的层相关的功能，可以将连接设备分为四种类型:中继器、桥接器、路由器和网关。

An repeater is a connecting device that only regenerates the signal and does not recognize physical or logical addresses.

中继器是一种连接设备，它只能重新生成信号，不能识别物理或逻辑地址。

A router is usually a computer installed with the necessary software and allows two networks, each with a completely different set of protocols, to communicate.

路由器通常是一台安装了必要软件的计算机，它允许两个具有完全不同协议的网络进行通信。

People who gain unauthorized access to a computer system for fun and challenge are called Hackers.

那些为了好玩和挑战而未经授权进入计算机系统的人被称为黑客。

People who gain unauthorized access to a computer system for malicious purpose are called Crackers.

那些为了恶意目的而未经授权访问计算机系统的人被称为黑客。

Computer crime can take the forms of damage, theft and manipulation.

计算机犯罪可以采取破坏、盗窃和操纵的形式。

An worm is a destructive program that fills a computer system with self-replicating information, clogging the system so that its operations are slowed or stopped.

蠕虫是一种破坏性的程序，它用自我复制的信息填充计算机系统，堵塞系统，使其运行速度减慢或停止。

Viruses typically find their way into microcomputers through copied floppy disks or programs downloaded from electronic bulletin boards. Because viruses can be so serious—certain “disk-killer” viruses can destroy all the information on one’s system—computer users are advised to exercise care in accepting new programs and data from other sources.

病毒通常是通过复制的软盘或从电子公告板上下载的程序进入微型计算机的。因为病毒可以很严重——某些“磁盘杀手”病毒可以破坏一个人系统上的所有信息——所以建议计算机用户在接受来自其他来源的新程序和数据时要非常小心。

Detection programs called virus checkers are available to alert users when certain kinds of viruses enter the system. Unfortunately, new viruses are being developed all the time, and not all viruses can be detected. There are recommended procedures to reduce the risk of catching a computer virus and to minimize its potential damage.

当某些类型的病毒进入系统时，可以使用被称为病毒检查程序的检测程序来提醒用户。不幸的是，新的病毒一直在被开发，并不是所有的病毒都能被检测到。有一些建议的程序，以减少感染电脑病毒的风险，并将其潜在的损害降至最低。

Section A

Input,output,storage
basic input/output system
Flatbed scanner:平板扫描仪，hand-hold scanner
Dot-matrix printers(点缀打印机),inkjet printers(喷墨打印机)
disk divers，memory
RAM is volatile memory(易失性存储器)
Serial connection parallel
Beam：光线，笑容，梁
A programming languages is any artificial languages
Machine language
Statement
Entity-relationship
Attributes
atomic operation
hierarchical model
database architecture
confidentiality：机密性
integrity：正直，完整，实诚
Authenticity：真实性，可靠性
accountability：有责任，有义务
encompass：围绕，包围，包含，完成
Statistical database
secure encryption algorithm

加油!

感谢!

努力!

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【计算机英语】期末复习笔记

计算机英语-学习笔记

必备短语

翻译题

Section A

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