进程池的使用有四种方式：apply_async、apply、map_async、map。其中apply_async和map_async是异步的，也就是启动进程函数之后会继续执行后续的代码不用等待进程函数返回。apply_async和map_async方式提供了一写获取进程函数状态的函数： ready()、 successful()、 get()。

PS：join()语句要放在close()语句后面。

实例代码如下：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import multiprocessing
import timedef func(msg):print('msg: ', msg)time.sleep(1)print('********')return 'func_return: %s' % msgif __name__ == '__main__':# apply_async
    print('\n--------apply_async------------')pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=4)results = []for i in range(10):msg = 'hello world %d' % iresult = pool.apply_async(func, (msg, ))results.append(result)print('apply_async: 不堵塞')for i in results:i.wait()  # 等待进程函数执行完毕

    for i in results:if i.ready():  # 进程函数是否已经启动了
            if i.successful():  # 进程函数是否执行成功
                print(i.get())  # 进程函数返回值

    # apply
    print('\n--------apply------------')pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=4)results = []for i in range(10):msg = 'hello world %d' % iresult = pool.apply(func, (msg,))results.append(result)print('apply: 堵塞')  # 执行完func才执行该句
    pool.close()pool.join()  # join语句要放在close之后
    print(results)# map
    print('\n--------map------------')args = [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8]pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=5)return_data = pool.map(func, args)print('堵塞')  # 执行完func才执行该句
    pool.close()pool.join()  # join语句要放在close之后
    print(return_data)# map_async
    print('\n--------map_async------------')pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=5)result = pool.map_async(func, args)print('ready: ', result.ready())print('不堵塞')result.wait()  # 等待所有进程函数执行完毕

    if result.ready():  # 进程函数是否已经启动了
        if result.successful():  # 进程函数是否执行成功
            print(result.get())  # 进程函数返回值

线程池的使用方式和进程池类似。

实例代码如下：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPool
import timedef fun(msg):print('msg: ', msg)time.sleep(1)print('********')return 'fun_return %s' % msg# map_async
print('\n------map_async-------')
arg = [1, 2, 10, 11, 18]
async_pool = ThreadPool(processes=4)
result = async_pool.map_async(fun, arg)
print(result.ready())  # 线程函数是否已经启动了
print('map_async: 不堵塞')
result.wait()  # 等待所有线程函数执行完毕
print('after wait')
if result.ready():  # 线程函数是否已经启动了
    if result.successful():  # 线程函数是否执行成功
        print(result.get())  # 线程函数返回值

# map
print('\n------map-------')
arg = [3, 5, 11, 19, 12]
pool = ThreadPool(processes=3)
return_list = pool.map(fun, arg)
print('map: 堵塞')
pool.close()
pool.join()
print(return_list)# apply_async
print('\n------apply_async-------')
async_pool = ThreadPool(processes=4)
results =[]
for i in range(5):msg = 'msg: %d' % iresult = async_pool.apply_async(fun, (msg, ))results.append(result)print('apply_async: 不堵塞')
# async_pool.close()
# async_pool.join()
for i in results:i.wait()  # 等待线程函数执行完毕

for i in results:if i.ready():  # 线程函数是否已经启动了
        if i.successful():  # 线程函数是否执行成功
            print(i.get())  # 线程函数返回值

# apply
print('\n------apply-------')
pool = ThreadPool(processes=4)
results =[]
for i in range(5):msg = 'msg: %d' % iresult = pool.apply(fun, (msg, ))results.append(result)print('apply: 堵塞')
print(results)