手把手教你部署一个最小化的 Kubernetes 集群

虽然网上有大量从零搭建 K8S 的文章，但大都针对老版本，若直接照搬去安装最新的 1.20 版本会遇到一堆问题。故此将我的安装步骤记录下来，希望能为读者提供 copy and paste 式的集群搭建帮助。

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1. 部署准备工作

部署最小化 K8S 集群：master + node1 + node2

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➜ vgs
Current machine states:
master                    running (virtualbox)
node1                     running (virtualbox)
node2                     running (virtualbox)

1.1 基础环境信息

设置系统主机名以及 Host 文件各节点之间的相互解析
- 使用这个的 Vagrantfile 启动的三节点服务已经配置好了
- 以下使用 master 节点进行演示查看，其他节点操作均一致

# hostnamectl
vagrant@k8s-master:~$ hostnamectlStatic hostname: k8s-master# hosts
vagrant@k8s-master:~$ cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1        localhost
127.0.1.1        vagrant.vm    vagrant
192.168.30.30    k8s-master
192.168.30.31    k8s-node1
192.168.30.32    k8s-node2# ping
vagrant@k8s-master:~$ ping k8s-node1
PING k8s-node1 (192.168.30.31) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from k8s-node1 (192.168.30.31): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.689 ms

1.2 阿里源配置

配置 Ubuntu 的阿里源来加速安装速度
- 阿里源镜像地址

# 登录服务器
➜ vgssh master/node1/nod2
Welcome to Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.15.0-50-generic x86_64)# 设置阿里云Ubuntu镜像
$ sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list{,.bak}
$ sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list# 配置kubeadm的阿里云镜像源
$ sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/apt kubernetes-xenial main
$ sudo gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys BA07F4FB
$ sudo gpg --export --armor BA07F4FB | sudo apt-key add -# 配置docker安装
$ curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -
$ sudo apt-key fingerprint 0EBFCD88
$ sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list
deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu bionic stable# 更新仓库
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt dist-upgrade

1.3 基础工具安装

部署阶段的基础工具安装
- 基础组件 docker
- 部署工具 kubeadm
- 路由规则 ipvsadm
- 时间同步 ntp

# 基础工具安装
$ sudo apt install -y \docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io \kubeadm ipvsadm \ntp ntpdate \nginx supervisor# 将当前普通用户加入docker组(需重新登录)
$ sudo usermod -a -G docker $USER# 服务启用
$ sudo systemctl enable docker.service
$ sudo systemctl start docker.service
$ sudo systemctl enable kubelet.service
$ sudo systemctl start kubelet.service

1.4 操作系统配置

操作系统相关配置
- 关闭缓存
- 配置内核参数
- 调整系统时区
- 升级内核版本(默认为4.15.0的版本)

# 关闭缓存
$ sudo swapoff -a# 为K8S来调整内核参数
$ sudo touch /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf
$ sudo cat > /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf <<EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1 # 开启网桥模式(必须)
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1 # 开启网桥模式(必须)
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1 # 关闭IPv6协议(必须)
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 # 转发模式(默认开启)
vm.panic_on_oom=0 # 开启OOM(默认开启)
vm.swappiness = 0 # 禁止使用swap空间
vm.overcommit_memory=1 # 不检查物理内存是否够用
fs.inotify.max_user_instances=8192
fs.inotify.max_user_watches=1048576
fs.file-max = 52706963 # 设置文件句柄数量
fs.nr_open = 52706963 # 设置文件的最大打开数量
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 2310720
EOF# 查看系统内核参数的方式
$ sudo sysctl -a | grep xxx
# 使内核参数配置文件生效
$ sudo sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf

# 设置系统时区为中国/上海
$ sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai# 将当前的UTC时间写入硬件时钟
$ sudo timedatectl set-local-rtc 0

1.5 开启 ipvs 服务

开启 ipvs 服务
- kube-proxy 开启 ipvs 的前置条件

# 载入指定的个别模块
$ modprobe br_netfilter# 修改配置
$ cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv
EOF# 加载配置
$ chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules \&& bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules \&& lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv

2. 部署 Master 节点

节点最低配置: 2C+2G 内存；从节点资源尽量充足

kubeadm 工具的 init 命令，即可初始化以单节点部署的 master。为了避免翻墙，这里可以使用阿里云的谷歌源来代替。在执行 kubeadm 部署命令的时候，指定对应地址即可。当然，可以将其加入本地的镜像库之中，更易维护。

注意事项
- 阿里云谷歌源地址
- 使用 kubeadm 定制控制平面配置

# 登录服务器
➜ vgssh master
Welcome to Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.15.0-50-generic x86_64)# 部署节点(命令行)
# 注意pod和service的地址需要不同(否则会报错)
$ sudo kubeadm init \--kubernetes-version=1.20.2 \--image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \--apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.30.30 \--pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \--service-cidr=10.245.0.0/16# 部署镜像配置(配置文件)
$ sudo kubeadm init --config ./kubeadm-config.yaml
Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

# 查看IP段是否生效(iptable)
$ ip route show
10.244.0.0/24 dev cni0 proto kernel scope link src 10.244.0.1
10.244.1.0/24 via 10.244.1.0 dev flannel.1 onlink
10.244.2.0/24 via 10.244.2.0 dev flannel.1 onlink# # 查看IP段是否生效(ipvs)
$ ipvsadm -L -n
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags-> RemoteAddress:Port           Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn

配置文件定义
- 接口使用了 v1beta2 版本
- 配置主节点 IP 地址为 192.168.30.30
- 为 flannel 分配的是 10.244.0.0/16 网段
- 选择的 kubernetes 是当前最新的 1.20.2 版本
- 加入了 controllerManager 的水平扩容功能

# kubeadm-config.yaml
# sudo kubeadm config print init-defaults > kubeadm-config.yaml
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
imageRepository: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.20.2
apiServer:extraArgs:advertise-address: 192.168.30.30
networking:podSubnet: 10.244.0.0/16
controllerManager:ExtraArgs:horizontal-pod-autoscaler-use-rest-clients: "true"horizontal-pod-autoscaler-sync-period: "10s"node-monitor-grace-period: "10s"

执行成功之后会输出如下信息，需要安装如下步骤操作下
- 第一步 在 kubectl 默认控制和操作集群节点的时候，需要使用到 CA 的密钥，传输过程是通过 TLS 协议保障通讯的安全性。通过下面 3 行命令拷贝密钥信息到当前用户家目录下，这样 kubectl 执行时会首先访问 .kube 目录，使用这些授权信息访问集群。
- 第二步 之后添加 worker 节点时，要通过 token 才能保障安全性。因此，先把显示的这行命令保存下来，以备后续使用会用到。

# master setting step one
To start cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:mkdir -p $HOME/.kubesudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/configsudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/configAlternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf# master setting step two
You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/Join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:
kubeadm join 192.168.30.30:6443 \--token lebbdi.p9lzoy2a16tmr6hq \--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash \sha256:6c79fd83825d7b2b0c3bed9e10c428acf8ffcd615a1d7b258e9b500848c20cae

将子节点加入主节点中

$ kubectl get nodes
NAME         STATUS     ROLES                  AGE   VERSION
k8s-master   NotReady   control-plane,master   62m   v1.20.2
k8s-node1    NotReady   <none>                 82m   v1.20.2
k8s-node2    NotReady   <none>                 82m   v1.20.2

# 查看token令牌
$ sudo kubeadm token list# 生成token令牌
$ sudo kubeadm token create# 忘记sha编码
$ openssl x509 -pubkey -in /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt \| openssl rsa -pubin -outform der 2>/dev/null \| openssl dgst -sha256 -hex | sed 's/^.* //'

# 生成一个新的 token 令牌(比上面的方便)
$ kubeadm token generate# 直接生成 join 命令(比上面的方便)
$ kubeadm token create <token_generate> --print-join-command --ttl=0

执行完成之后可以通过如下命令，查看主节点信息
- 默认生成四个命名空间
1. default、kube-system、kube-public、kube-node-lease
- 部署的核心服务有以下几个 (kube-system)
1. coredns、etcd
2. kube-apiserver、kube-scheduler
3. kube-controller-manager、kube-controller-manager
- 此时 master 并没有 ready 状态(需要安装网络插件)，下一章节中，我们将安装 flannel 这个网络插件

# 命名空间
$ kubectl get namespace
NAME              STATUS   AGE
default           Active   19m
kube-node-lease   Active   19m
kube-public       Active   19m
kube-system       Active   19m# 核心服务
$ kubectl get pod -n kube-system
NAME                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-7f89b7bc75-bh42f             1/1     Running   0          19m
coredns-7f89b7bc75-dvzpl             1/1     Running   0          19m
etcd-k8s-master                      1/1     Running   0          19m
kube-apiserver-k8s-master            1/1     Running   0          19m
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master   1/1     Running   0          19m
kube-proxy-5rlpv                     1/1     Running   0          19m
kube-scheduler-k8s-master            1/1     Running   0          19m

3. 部署 flannel 网络

网络服务用于管理 K8S 集群中的服务网络

flannel 网络需要指定 IP 地址段，即上一步中通过编排文件设置的 10.244.0.0/16。其实可以通过 flannel 官方和 HELM 工具直接部署服务，但是原地址是需要搭梯子的。所以，可以将其内容保存在如下配置文件中，修改对应镜像地址。

部署 flannel 服务的官方下载地址

# 部署flannel服务
# 1.修改镜像地址(如果下载不了的话)
# 2.修改Network为--pod-network-cidr的参数IP段
$ kubectl apply -f ./kube-flannel.yml# 如果部署出现问题可通过如下命令查看日志
$ kubectl logs kube-flannel-ds-6xxs5 --namespace=kube-system
$ kubectl describe pod kube-flannel-ds-6xxs5 --namespace=kube-system

如果使用当中存在问题的，可以参考官方的问题手册
- 因为我们这里使用的是 Vagrant 虚拟出来的机器进行 K8S 的部署，但是在运行对应 yaml 配置的时候，会报错。通过查看日志发现是因为默认绑定的是虚拟机上面的 eth0 这块网卡，而这块网卡是 Vagrant 使用的，我们应该绑定的是 eth1 才对。
- Vagrant 通常为所有 VM 分配两个接口，第一个为所有主机分配的 IP 地址为 10.0.2.15，用于获得 NAT 的外部流量。这样会导致 flannel 部署存在问题。通过官方问题说明，我们可以使用 --iface=eth1 这个参数选择第二个网卡。
- 对应的参数使用方式，可以参考 flannel use –iface=eth1 中的回答自行添加，而这里我直接修改了启动的配置文件，在启动服务的时候通过 args 修改了，如下所示。

$ kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-7f89b7bc75-bh42f             1/1     Running   0          61m
coredns-7f89b7bc75-dvzpl             1/1     Running   0          61m
etcd-k8s-master                      1/1     Running   0          62m
kube-apiserver-k8s-master            1/1     Running   0          62m
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master   1/1     Running   0          62m
kube-flannel-ds-zl148                1/1     Running   0          44s
kube-flannel-ds-ll523                1/1     Running   0          44s
kube-flannel-ds-wpmhw                1/1     Running   0          44s
kube-proxy-5rlpv                     1/1     Running   0          61m
kube-scheduler-k8s-master            1/1     Running   0          62m

配置文件如下所示

---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:name: psp.flannel.unprivilegedannotations:seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/defaultseccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/defaultapparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/defaultapparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
spec:privileged: falsevolumes:- configMap- secret- emptyDir- hostPathallowedHostPaths:- pathPrefix: "/etc/cni/net.d"- pathPrefix: "/etc/kube-flannel"- pathPrefix: "/run/flannel"readOnlyRootFilesystem: false# Users and groupsrunAsUser:rule: RunAsAnysupplementalGroups:rule: RunAsAnyfsGroup:rule: RunAsAny# Privilege EscalationallowPrivilegeEscalation: falsedefaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false# CapabilitiesallowedCapabilities: ["NET_ADMIN", "NET_RAW"]defaultAddCapabilities: []requiredDropCapabilities: []# Host namespaceshostPID: falsehostIPC: falsehostNetwork: truehostPorts:- min: 0max: 65535# SELinuxseLinux:# SELinux is unused in CaaSPrule: "RunAsAny"
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:name: flannel
rules:- apiGroups: ["extensions"]resources: ["podsecuritypolicies"]verbs: ["use"]resourceNames: ["psp.flannel.unprivileged"]- apiGroups:- ""resources:- podsverbs:- get- apiGroups:- ""resources:- nodesverbs:- list- watch- apiGroups:- ""resources:- nodes/statusverbs:- patch
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:name: flannel
roleRef:apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.iokind: ClusterRolename: flannel
subjects:- kind: ServiceAccountname: flannelnamespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:name: flannelnamespace: kube-system
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:name: kube-flannel-cfgnamespace: kube-systemlabels:tier: nodeapp: flannel
data:cni-conf.json: |{"name": "cbr0","cniVersion": "0.3.1","plugins": [{"type": "flannel","delegate": {"hairpinMode": true,"isDefaultGateway": true}},{"type": "portmap","capabilities": {"portMappings": true}}]}net-conf.json: |{"Network": "10.244.0.0/16","Backend": {"Type": "vxlan"}}
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:name: kube-flannel-dsnamespace: kube-systemlabels:tier: nodeapp: flannel
spec:selector:matchLabels:app: flanneltemplate:metadata:labels:tier: nodeapp: flannelspec:affinity:nodeAffinity:requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:nodeSelectorTerms:- matchExpressions:- key: kubernetes.io/osoperator: Invalues:- linuxhostNetwork: truepriorityClassName: system-node-criticaltolerations:- operator: Existseffect: NoScheduleserviceAccountName: flannelinitContainers:- name: install-cniimage: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.13.1-rc1command:- cpargs:- -f- /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json- /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflistvolumeMounts:- name: cnimountPath: /etc/cni/net.d- name: flannel-cfgmountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/containers:- name: kube-flannelimage: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.13.1-rc1command:- /opt/bin/flanneldargs:- --ip-masq- --kube-subnet-mgr- --iface=eth1resources:requests:cpu: "100m"memory: "50Mi"limits:cpu: "100m"memory: "50Mi"securityContext:privileged: falsecapabilities:add: ["NET_ADMIN", "NET_RAW"]env:- name: POD_NAMEvalueFrom:fieldRef:fieldPath: metadata.name- name: POD_NAMESPACEvalueFrom:fieldRef:fieldPath: metadata.namespacevolumeMounts:- name: runmountPath: /run/flannel- name: flannel-cfgmountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/volumes:- name: runhostPath:path: /run/flannel- name: cnihostPath:path: /etc/cni/net.d- name: flannel-cfgconfigMap:name: kube-flannel-cfg

至此集群部署成功！如果有参数错误需要修改，你也可以在 reset 后重新 init 集群。

$ kubectl get nodes
NAME         STATUS   ROLES                  AGE   VERSION
k8s-master   Ready    control-plane,master   62m   v1.20.2
k8s-node1    Ready    control-plane,master   82m   v1.20.2
k8s-node2    Ready    control-plane,master   82m   v1.20.2# 重启集群
$ sudo kubeadm reset
$ sudo kubeadm init

4. 部署 dashboard 服务

以 WEB 页面的可视化 dashboard 来监控集群的状态

这个还是会遇到需要搭梯子下载启动配置文件的问题，下面是对应的下载地址，可以下载之后上传到服务器上面在进行部署。

部署 dashboard 服务的官方下载地址

# 部署flannel服务
$ kubectl apply -f ./kube-dashboard.yaml# 如果部署出现问题可通过如下命令查看日志
$ kubectl logs \kubernetes-dashboard-c9fb67ffc-nknpj \--namespace=kubernetes-dashboard
$ kubectl describe pod \kubernetes-dashboard-c9fb67ffc-nknpj \--namespace=kubernetes-dashboard

$ kubectl get svc -n kubernetes-dashboard
NAME                        TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE
dashboard-metrics-scraper   ClusterIP   10.245.214.11    <none>        8000/TCP   26s
kubernetes-dashboard        ClusterIP   10.245.161.146   <none>        443/TCP    26s

需要注意的是 dashboard 默认不允许外网访问，即使通过 kubectl proxy 允许外网访问。但 dashboard 又只允许 HTTPS 访问，这样 kubeadm init 时自签名的 CA 证书是不被浏览器承认的。

我采用的方案是 Nginx 作为反向代理，使用 Lets Encrypt 提供的有效证书对外提供服务，再经由 proxy_pass 指令反向代理到 kubectl proxy 上，如下所示。此时，本地可经由 8888 访问到 dashboard 服务，再通过 Nginx 访问它。

# 代理(可以使用supervisor)
$ kubectl proxy --accept-hosts='^*$'
$ kubectl proxy --port=8888 --accept-hosts='^*$'
# 测试代理是否正常(默认监听在8001端口上)
$ curl -X GET -L http://localhost:8001# 本地(可以使用nginx)
proxy_pass http://localhost:8001;
proxy_pass http://localhost:8888;# 外网访问如下URL地址
https://mydomain/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/#/login

配置文件整理
- nginx
- supervisor

# k8s.confclient_max_body_size     80M;
client_body_buffer_size  128k;
proxy_connect_timeout    600;
proxy_read_timeout       600;
proxy_send_timeout       600;server {listen       8080 ssl;server_name  _;ssl_certificate     /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt;ssl_certificate_key /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.key;access_log /var/log/nginx/k8s.access.log;error_log  /var/log/nginx/k8s.error.log  error;location / {proxy_set_header   X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;proxy_set_header   Host              $http_host;proxy_set_header   X-Real-IP         $remote_addr;proxy_pass http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/;}
}

# k8s.conf[program:k8s-master]
command=kubectl proxy --accept-hosts='^*$'
user=vagrant
environment=KUBECONFIG="/home/vagrant/.kube/config"
stopasgroup=true
stopasgroup=true
autostart=true
autorestart=unexpected
stdout_logfile_maxbytes=1MB
stdout_logfile_backups=10
stderr_logfile_maxbytes=1MB
stderr_logfile_backups=10
stderr_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/k8s-stderr.log
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/k8s-stdout.log

配置文件如下所示

# Copyright 2017 The Kubernetes Authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:name: kubernetes-dashboard---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:labels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardname: kubernetes-dashboardnamespace: kubernetes-dashboard---
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:labels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardname: kubernetes-dashboardnamespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:ports:- port: 443targetPort: 8443selector:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:labels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardname: kubernetes-dashboard-certsnamespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:labels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardname: kubernetes-dashboard-csrfnamespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque
data:csrf: ""---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:labels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardname: kubernetes-dashboard-key-holdernamespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:labels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardname: kubernetes-dashboard-settingsnamespace: kubernetes-dashboard---
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:labels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardname: kubernetes-dashboardnamespace: kubernetes-dashboard
rules:# Allow Dashboard to get, update and delete Dashboard exclusive secrets.- apiGroups: [""]resources: ["secrets"]resourceNames:["kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder","kubernetes-dashboard-certs","kubernetes-dashboard-csrf",]verbs: ["get", "update", "delete"]# Allow Dashboard to get and update 'kubernetes-dashboard-settings' config map.- apiGroups: [""]resources: ["configmaps"]resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-settings"]verbs: ["get", "update"]# Allow Dashboard to get metrics.- apiGroups: [""]resources: ["services"]resourceNames: ["heapster", "dashboard-metrics-scraper"]verbs: ["proxy"]- apiGroups: [""]resources: ["services/proxy"]resourceNames:["heapster","http:heapster:","https:heapster:","dashboard-metrics-scraper","http:dashboard-metrics-scraper",]verbs: ["get"]---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:labels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardname: kubernetes-dashboard
rules:# Allow Metrics Scraper to get metrics from the Metrics server- apiGroups: ["metrics.k8s.io"]resources: ["pods", "nodes"]verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:labels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardname: kubernetes-dashboardnamespace: kubernetes-dashboard
roleRef:apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.iokind: Rolename: kubernetes-dashboard
subjects:- kind: ServiceAccountname: kubernetes-dashboardnamespace: kubernetes-dashboard---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:name: kubernetes-dashboard
roleRef:apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.iokind: ClusterRolename: kubernetes-dashboard
subjects:- kind: ServiceAccountname: kubernetes-dashboardnamespace: kubernetes-dashboard---
kind: Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
metadata:labels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardname: kubernetes-dashboardnamespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:replicas: 1revisionHistoryLimit: 10selector:matchLabels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardtemplate:metadata:labels:k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboardspec:containers:- name: kubernetes-dashboardimage: registry.cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/jieee/dashboard:v2.0.4imagePullPolicy: Alwaysports:- containerPort: 8443protocol: TCPargs:- --auto-generate-certificates- --namespace=kubernetes-dashboard# Uncomment the following line to manually specify Kubernetes API server Host# If not specified, Dashboard will attempt to auto discover the API server and connect# to it. Uncomment only if the default does not work.# - --apiserver-host=http://my-address:portvolumeMounts:- name: kubernetes-dashboard-certsmountPath: /certs# Create on-disk volume to store exec logs- mountPath: /tmpname: tmp-volumelivenessProbe:httpGet:scheme: HTTPSpath: /port: 8443initialDelaySeconds: 30timeoutSeconds: 30securityContext:allowPrivilegeEscalation: falsereadOnlyRootFilesystem: truerunAsUser: 1001runAsGroup: 2001volumes:- name: kubernetes-dashboard-certssecret:secretName: kubernetes-dashboard-certs- name: tmp-volumeemptyDir: {}serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboardnodeSelector:"kubernetes.io/os": linux# Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on mastertolerations:- key: node-role.kubernetes.io/mastereffect: NoSchedule---
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:labels:k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scrapername: dashboard-metrics-scrapernamespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:ports:- port: 8000targetPort: 8000selector:k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper---
kind: Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
metadata:labels:k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scrapername: dashboard-metrics-scrapernamespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:replicas: 1revisionHistoryLimit: 10selector:matchLabels:k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scrapertemplate:metadata:labels:k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraperannotations:seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/pod: "runtime/default"spec:containers:- name: dashboard-metrics-scraperimage: registry.cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/jieee/metrics-scraper:v1.0.4ports:- containerPort: 8000protocol: TCPlivenessProbe:httpGet:scheme: HTTPpath: /port: 8000initialDelaySeconds: 30timeoutSeconds: 30volumeMounts:- mountPath: /tmpname: tmp-volumesecurityContext:allowPrivilegeEscalation: falsereadOnlyRootFilesystem: truerunAsUser: 1001runAsGroup: 2001serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboardnodeSelector:"kubernetes.io/os": linux# Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on mastertolerations:- key: node-role.kubernetes.io/mastereffect: NoSchedulevolumes:- name: tmp-volumeemptyDir: {}

第一种：登录 dashboard 的方式(配置文件)
- 采用 token 方式
- 采用秘钥文件方式

# 创建管理员帐户(dashboard)
$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:name: admin-usernamespace: kubernetes-dashboard
EOF

# 将用户绑定已经存在的集群管理员角色
$ cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:name: admin-user
roleRef:apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.iokind: ClusterRolename: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccountname: admin-usernamespace: kubernetes-dashboard
EOF

# 获取可用户于访问的token令牌
$ kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard describe secret \$(kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get secret \| grep admin-user | awk '{print $1}')

登录界面展示
- 针对 Chrome 浏览器，在空白处点击然后输入：thisisunsafe
- 针对 Firefox 浏览器，遇到证书过期，添加例外访问

第二种：授权 dashboard 权限(不适用配置文件)
- 如果登录之后提示权限问题的话，可以执行如下操作
- 把 serviceaccount 绑定在 clusteradmin
- 授权 serviceaccount 用户具有整个集群的访问管理权限

# 创建serviceaccount
$ kubectl create serviceaccount dashboard-admin -n kube-system# 把serviceaccount绑定在clusteradmin
# 授权serviceaccount用户具有整个集群的访问管理权限
$ kubectl create clusterrolebinding \dashboard-cluster-admin --clusterrole=cluster-admin \--serviceaccount=kube-system:dashboard-admin# 获取serviceaccount的secret信息，可得到token令牌的信息
$ kubectl get secret -n kube-system# 通过上边命令获取到dashboard-admin-token-slfcr信息
$ kubectl describe secret <dashboard-admin-token-slfcr> -n kube-system# 浏览器访问登录并把token粘贴进去登录即可
https://192.168.30.30:8080/# 快捷查看token的命令
$ kubectl describe secrets -n kube-system \$(kubectl -n kube-system get secret | awk '/admin/{print $1}')