New Concept English3 Lesson 1. A puma at large【精讲学习笔记】

标题讲解：
a puma which was at large ----> a puma at large
关系代词which做主语后面紧跟be动词时，可以将做主语的关系代词和be动词同时省略。
a prisoner/suspect at large 在逃的的囚犯/嫌疑犯
The disease is still at large 疾病依然肆虐

Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
美洲狮是一种体形很大的猫科动物，产于美洲。

cat-like animals用法
文中的cat-like animals表示像猫一样的动物，同样的例子如下：
bear-like animals //像熊一样的动物
lady-like behavior //女人般的行为举止
child-like simplicity //孩子般的单纯
an angle-like girl //一个天使般的女孩子
crystal-like eyes //水晶般的眼睛
flu-like symptoms //像流感一样的症状
cobweb-like structure //像蜘蛛网一样的结构
dog-like animals //像狗一样的动物

be found in … 用法
be found in … 产于/存在于 …
Many plant and animal species are found only in the rainforests.
很多植物和动物的物种仅产于（存在于）雨林中。
species //物种（单复数同型）
Vitamin C is found in citrus fruit.
维他命C产于（存在于）柑橘类水果中。
Giant pandas are large, bear-like animals which are found in Sichuan province, China.
大熊猫是一种大型的类似熊的动物，产于中国四川省。

When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现了一头野生美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。

无灵主语 inanimate //没有生命的东西做主语
I thought of a good idea. //我想到了一个好主意。下面是无灵主语的例子，表达同样的意思。
A good idea came into my mind.
A good idea flashed into my mind.
He went to the town on business. //他进城办事去了。下面是无灵主语的例子，表达同样的意思。
Business took him to the town.
A warm and sunny Sunday found my whole family going for an outing at the beach.
原意是说：一个温暖又晴朗的星期天，发现了我们全家到海边远足去。
实际意思：我们全家人在一个风和日丽的星期天，去海边远足。

同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
1、从定义上看，同位语从句解释前面名词具体内容；而定语从句仅起到后置定语的作用，常译为“… 的"
2、从形式上看，同位语从句中的"that"公起到连接符号的作用，不充当语法成分；而定语从句中的"that"是关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
The proposal that John should be dismissed is unacceptable.
红色部分是完整的句子，不缺少任何语法成份，因此为同位语从句。
The proposal that John put forward is unacceptable. //约翰提出的建议是不能接受的。
蓝色部分不是完整的句子，因此为定语从句。
因此本文中为同位语从句。

had been seen/found/spotted/observed … 都可以表示被发现
spot 做为名词斑点：
A spot on one’s reputation. //某人名声上有了污点
A leopard won’t change its spots. //狗改不了吃屎
spot of sth 有点 …
a spot of bother. //一点小麻烦
You seem to be having a spot of bother with your car, can I help?
//你看起来好像车出了点小麻烦，我能帮上忙吗？
a scenic spot //旅游景点
A great many of scenic spots are being spoilt by the ill-behaved tourists.
//有很多的景点，被品行不端的旅游破坏了。
The Middle East is a hot spot. //中东是一个热点地区
on the spot //在现场
Ten minutes after calling 911, a police car arrived on the spot.
报警10分钟后，警车到达了现场。
斑点可引申出茫茫夜空发现了一个点，因此也有发现的意思
Dr. Marcy and Dr. Butler also spotted the first “family” of three planets.
//Marcy博士和Butler博士也发现了三个行星组成的行星家族。
Chick Webb spotted her in an amateur competition when she was sixteen.
//在一次业余比赛中Chick Webb发现了只有16岁的她。
He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
//他在箱子的底部发现了一个特别小的瓶子，并非常高兴的抓了起来。

in/on/to the south of… 在南边
in表示在事物内部： Shanghai is in the south of China. //上海在中国的南部
on表示相邻的方向：Vietnam is on the south of China. //越南在中国南部（邻近国）
to表示不相邻方向：Indonesia is to the south of China. //印度尼西亚在中国南部（中间隔着海）
三种用法中只有to是可以省略的，因此本文中表示伦敦南部50英里处，省略了to.
举例：
when news came into the national museum that an ancient tomb had been found 100 kilometers south of Xi’an, it was taken seriously.

take … seriously 重视某事
take … lightly 轻视某事
本来中表示这个报告没有受到重视。

However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.

give descriptions 做描述
… descriptions which were given by people … //which were 可省略
省略了which were后变成非谓语动词做后置定语。
一般来说要做还没有做的事情用to do
而已经过了的事情用分词，主动用doing 被动用过去分词
举例：
make descriptions
… descriptions made by people

John had a very good day and put his wallet containing ￡3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping.
约翰这一天过的不错，将他装着三千英镑的钱包放到微波炉里保管起来。
这里的wallet containing ￡3,000 表示装着三千英镑的钱包，此处是非谓语动词做后置定语。因为是主动用所以用doing （containing）

For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass.
穿越危险山口的游客此处是非谓语动词做后置定语。因为是主动用所以用doing （crossing）

novels written by Lu Xun. //鲁迅写的小说
movies directed by Zhang Yimou. //张艺谋指导的电影
The man leaning against the wall named George is my brother. //靠在墙上名字叫乔治的男人是我的哥哥。
这里包含两个非谓语动词做后置定语，一个是leaning 是主动的“倚靠”，另一个named是被动”被叫做“。

claimed to have done … 声称已经发生的事情，动词不定式的完成时。

//下面句子意思一样
were extraordinarily similar
were particularly alike
had a lot in common
had considerable commonalities //有相当多的共同之处(书面语)

…的…并不都用of
the winter in America 美国的冬天
the entrance to the parking lot 停车场的入口
a witness to the accident 事故的目击者
a longing for love 对爱情的渴望
the reason for the disaster 大灾难的原因

The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw ‘a large cat’ only five yards away from her.
搜寻美洲狮的工作是从一座小村庄开始的。那里的一位妇女在采黑莓的时候看见“一只大猫”离公只有5码远。

no more than … 只有… / 可以替换此处的 only
a woman picking blackberries 此处也是非谓语动词做后置定语。因为是主动用所以用doing （picking）

It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.
她刚看到它，它就立刻逃走了. 专家证实，美洲狮除非被逼得走投无路，否则是决不会伤人的。

The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening.
事实上搜寻工作很困难，因为常常是早上在一处发现了那只美洲狮，晚上动在20英里外的另一处发现了它的踪迹。

此处的 , for 引导原因状语从句。

prove (to be) + adj. / n. 被证明是 … //系表结构 to be)可省略
His injury proved (to be) fatal. //他的伤被证明是致命的。（to be)可省略
The operation proved (to be) a success. //这个手术被证明是成功的。（to be)可省略

turn out to be + adj. /n. 原来是 … //to be不可以省略
When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.
当考古学家将碎片重新拼合后，他们惊讶的发现那位女神原来是一位摩登女郎

Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
无论它走到哪，一路上总会留下一串死鹿以及死兔子之类的小动物。

a trail of 一连串的
疑问词+ever(whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whatever …)
有两个含义：

表示“无论 …” 引导让步状语从句 = no matter + 疑问词
No matter where it went, … // 无论他走到哪里 …
No matter where you live, … //无论你住在哪里 …
Wherever he went, he left a trail of broken hearts behind him.
无论他走到哪里，背后总留下一连串的伤心人。
表示 “到底 …” 用于疑问句中。
‘Whatever are you doing up here Bill?’ asked the vicar in surprise.
牧师惊讶的问：比尔你到底在上面干嘛呢？
Wherever did you go yesterday? 昨天你到底去哪了？
When ever am i going to see you again? 到底什么时候能再见你一面？
When 和 ever可以分开写也可以合成一个词。
When will you ever learn? 你到底什么时候能学会？

Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
在许多地方看见了爪印，灌木丛中也发现了粘在上面的美洲狮毛。

举例说明：人们对下岗工人的生活状况越来越关注了。
中式英文：People have paid more and more attention to the condition of the laid-off workers.
优秀写法：Increasing attention has been paid to the condition of the laid-off workers.

was found clinging to bushes.//美洲狮毛被发现粘在灌木丛上这是一个主语补足语
As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country. //全国没有任何一个动物园报告丢失了美洲狮。这里的missing充当主语补足语。
The fire was reported controlled. //大火被报告控制住了。这里的controlled充当主语补主语。
相当于：It is reported that the fire was controlled.
被动句：She was found reading in the library. (主语补足语)
主动句：We found her reading in the library. (宾语+宾语补足语)

借代修词：
fur and feather //飞禽走兽
fin, fur and feather //各种各样的动物
The crown should not yield to the cross. //王权不应屈服于神权。

Several people complained of ‘cat-like noises’ at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree.
一些人抱怨说在夜里听见了“像猫一样的叫声”；一位商人去钓鱼路上，看见那只美洲狮在树上。

complain of/about sth. //报怨某事

The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country.
专家如今已经完全肯定那只动物就是美洲狮，但它是从哪来的呢？全国的动物园没有一家报告丢失了美洲狮。

convince sb. of sth. //使某人相信某事
be convinced that … //对某事已经完全相信，除下面两种情况that前面的介词要干掉
in that …
except/but that … //除了… 之外

this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.
那只美洲狮一定是某位私人收藏家圈养的。

对过去发生事情肯定的推测
must have done
You must have been ill yesterday.
You looked so pale.
你昨天一定是生病了，你看上去脸色苍白。

此刻的肯定推测：
must do
She knew that it must be the baker.
她知道一定是面包师。

对过去的否定推测
could not have done
The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.
女孩子要求看列车时刻表，因为她觉得她的爸爸不会犯这种错误。

责备语气
should / (ought to) have done
should not / ought not to have done
You should have finished your work yesterday. //你昨天应该完成的工作怎么没完成呢？
I shouldn’t have shouted at you yesterday. //我昨天不应该对你大喊大叫的

in the possession of sb. / in one’s possession
in possession of sth.
某物归某人拥有
举例
这本书是我的。
The book is in my possession.
I‘m in possession of the book.

in the charge of sb./ in one’s charge
in charge of …
由某人负责由某人掌管
举例
这个书店归我管。
The bookstore is in my charge.
I’m in charge of the bookstore.

manage to do 设法完成了某事
fail to do 没能完成某事

The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
搜寻工作进行了好几个星期，但始终未能抓住那只美洲狮。想到在宁静的乡村有一头危险的野兽继续逍遥流窜，真令人担心。

It is … to think that …
It is worrying to think that … 一想到某事令人担忧
It is exciting to think that … 一想到某事令人兴奋
It is comforting to think that … 一想到某事令人欣慰
It is amusing to think that … 一想到某事令人好笑
It is irritating to think that … 一想到某事令人生气

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New Concept English3 Lesson 1. A puma at large【精讲学习笔记】

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