前言

在前面的博客中介绍了，如何使用dlib标定人脸（python dlib学习（一）：人脸检测），提取68个特征点（python dlib学习（二）：人脸特征点标定）。这次要在这两个工作的基础之上，将人脸的信息提取成一个128维的向量空间。在这个向量空间上，同一个人脸的更接近，不同人脸的距离更远。度量采用欧式距离，欧氏距离计算不算复杂。
二维情况下：

distance=(x1−x2)2+(y1−y2)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√

distance = \sqrt{(x_1 - x_2)^2 + (y_1 - y_2)^2}
三维情况下：

distance=(x1−x2)2+(y1−y2)2+(z1−z2)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√

distance = \sqrt{(x_1 - x_2)^2 + (y_1 - y_2)^2 + (z_1 - z_2)^2}
将其扩展到128维的情况下即可。
通常使用的判别阈值是0.6，即如果两个人脸的向量空间的欧式距离超过了0.6，即认定不是同一个人；如果欧氏距离小于0.6，则认为是同一个人。这个距离也可以由自己定，只要效果能更好。

实验中使用了两个模型：

shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat：
http://dlib.net/files/shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat.bz2

dlib_face_recognition_resnet_model_v1.dat：
http://dlib.net/files/dlib_face_recognition_resnet_model_v1.dat.bz2

文件夹目录：

两个模型放在model文件夹中，测试图片放在faces中，图片自己随便下几张就行。

完整工程下载链接：
http://pan.baidu.com/s/1boCDZ7T

程序1

不说废话了，直接上代码。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import sys
import dlib
import cv2
import os
import globcurrent_path = os.getcwd()  # 获取当前路径
# 模型路径
predictor_path = current_path + "\\model\\shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat"
face_rec_model_path = current_path + "\\model\\dlib_face_recognition_resnet_model_v1.dat"
#测试图片路径
faces_folder_path = current_path + "\\faces\\"# 读入模型
detector = dlib.get_frontal_face_detector()
shape_predictor = dlib.shape_predictor(predictor_path)
face_rec_model = dlib.face_recognition_model_v1(face_rec_model_path)for img_path in glob.glob(os.path.join(faces_folder_path, "*.jpg")):print("Processing file: {}".format(img_path))# opencv 读取图片，并显示img = cv2.imread(img_path, cv2.IMREAD_COLOR)# opencv的bgr格式图片转换成rgb格式b, g, r = cv2.split(img)img2 = cv2.merge([r, g, b])dets = detector(img, 1)   # 人脸标定print("Number of faces detected: {}".format(len(dets)))for index, face in enumerate(dets):print('face {}; left {}; top {}; right {}; bottom {}'.format(index, face.left(), face.top(), face.right(), face.bottom()))shape = shape_predictor(img2, face)   # 提取68个特征点for i, pt in enumerate(shape.parts()):#print('Part {}: {}'.format(i, pt))pt_pos = (pt.x, pt.y)cv2.circle(img, pt_pos, 2, (255, 0, 0), 1)#print(type(pt))#print("Part 0: {}, Part 1: {} ...".format(shape.part(0), shape.part(1)))cv2.namedWindow(img_path+str(index), cv2.WINDOW_AUTOSIZE)cv2.imshow(img_path+str(index), img)face_descriptor = face_rec_model.compute_face_descriptor(img2, shape)   # 计算人脸的128维的向量print(face_descriptor)k = cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

程序1结果

部分打印结果：

F:\Python\my_dlib_codes\face_recognition>python my_face_recogniton.py
Processing file: F:\Python\my_dlib_codes\face_recognition\faces\jobs.jpg
Number of faces detected: 1
face 0; left 184; top 64; right 339; bottom 219
-0.179784
0.15487
0.10509
-0.0973604
-0.19153
0.000418252
-0.0357536
-0.0206766
0.129741
-0.0628359
....

后面的那一堆数字就是人脸在128维向量空间上的值。

程序2

前面只是测试了一下，把要用的值给求到了。这里我封装了一下，把比对功能实现了。没加多少东西，所以不做赘述了。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import sys
import dlib
import cv2
import os
import glob
import numpy as npdef comparePersonData(data1, data2):diff = 0# for v1, v2 in data1, data2:# diff += (v1 - v2)**2for i in xrange(len(data1)):diff += (data1[i] - data2[i])**2diff = np.sqrt(diff)print diffif(diff < 0.6):print "It's the same person"else:print "It's not the same person"def savePersonData(face_rec_class, face_descriptor):if face_rec_class.name == None or face_descriptor == None:returnfilePath = face_rec_class.dataPath + face_rec_class.name + '.npy'vectors = np.array([])for i, num in enumerate(face_descriptor):vectors = np.append(vectors, num)# print(num)print('Saving files to :'+filePath)np.save(filePath, vectors)return vectorsdef loadPersonData(face_rec_class, personName):if personName == None:returnfilePath = face_rec_class.dataPath + personName + '.npy'vectors = np.load(filePath)print(vectors)return vectorsclass face_recognition(object):def __init__(self):self.current_path = os.getcwd() # 获取当前路径self.predictor_path = self.current_path + "\\model\\shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat"self.face_rec_model_path = self.current_path + "\\model\\dlib_face_recognition_resnet_model_v1.dat"self.faces_folder_path = self.current_path + "\\faces\\"self.dataPath = self.current_path + "\\data\\"self.detector = dlib.get_frontal_face_detector()self.shape_predictor = dlib.shape_predictor(self.predictor_path)self.face_rec_model = dlib.face_recognition_model_v1(self.face_rec_model_path)self.name = Noneself.img_bgr = Noneself.img_rgb = Noneself.detector = dlib.get_frontal_face_detector()self.shape_predictor = dlib.shape_predictor(self.predictor_path)self.face_rec_model = dlib.face_recognition_model_v1(self.face_rec_model_path)def inputPerson(self, name='people', img_path=None):if img_path == None:print('No file!\n')return # img_name += self.faces_folder_path + img_nameself.name = nameself.img_bgr = cv2.imread(self.current_path+img_path)# opencv的bgr格式图片转换成rgb格式b, g, r = cv2.split(self.img_bgr)self.img_rgb = cv2.merge([r, g, b])def create128DVectorSpace(self):dets = self.detector(self.img_rgb, 1)print("Number of faces detected: {}".format(len(dets)))for index, face in enumerate(dets):print('face {}; left {}; top {}; right {}; bottom {}'.format(index, face.left(), face.top(), face.right(), face.bottom()))shape = self.shape_predictor(self.img_rgb, face)face_descriptor = self.face_rec_model.compute_face_descriptor(self.img_rgb, shape)# print(face_descriptor)# for i, num in enumerate(face_descriptor):#   print(num)#   print(type(num))return face_descriptor

程序2结果

测试代码1：

import face_rec as fc
face_rec = fc.face_recognition()   # 创建对象
face_rec.inputPerson(name='jobs', img_path='\\faces\\jobs.jpg')  # name中写第一个人名字，img_name为图片名字，注意要放在faces文件夹中
vector = face_rec.create128DVectorSpace()  # 提取128维向量，是dlib.vector类的对象
person_data1 = fc.savePersonData(face_rec, vector )   # 将提取出的数据保存到data文件夹，为便于操作返回numpy数组，内容还是一样的# 导入第二张图片，并提取特征向量
face_rec.inputPerson(name='jobs2', img_path='\\faces\\jobs2.jpg')
vector = face_rec.create128DVectorSpace()  # 提取128维向量，是dlib.vector类的对象
person_data2 = fc.savePersonData(face_rec, vector )# 计算欧式距离，判断是否是同一个人
fc.comparePersonData(person_data1, person_data2)

如果data文件夹中已经有了模型文件，可以直接导入：

import face_rec as fc
face_rec = fc.face_recognition()   # 创建对象
person_data1 = fc.loadPersonData(face_rec , 'jobs')   # 创建一个类保存相关信息，后面还要跟上人名，程序会在data文件中查找对应npy文件，比如这里就是'jobs.npy'
person_data2 = fc.loadPersonData(face_rec , 'jobs2')  # 导入第二张图片
fc.comparePersonData(person_data1, person_data2) # 计算欧式距离，判断是否是同一个人

程序2结果

Python 2.7.10 |Anaconda 2.3.0 (64-bit)| (default, May 28 2015, 16:44:52) [MSC v.1500 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
Anaconda is brought to you by Continuum Analytics.
Please check out: http://continuum.io/thanks and https://binstar.org
>>> import face_rec as fc
>>> face_rec = fc.face_recognition()
>>> face_rec.inputPerson(name='jobs', img_path='\\faces\\jobs.jpg')
>>> vector = face_rec.create128DVectorSpace()
Number of faces detected: 1
face 0; left 184; top 64; right 339; bottom 219
>>> person_data1 = fc.savePersonData(face_rec, vector )
Saving files to :F:\Python\my_dlib_codes\face_recognition\data\jobs.npy
>>> face_rec.inputPerson(name='jobs2', img_path='\\faces\\jobs2.jpg')
>>> vector = face_rec.create128DVectorSpace()
Number of faces detected: 1
face 0; left 124; top 39; right 253; bottom 168
>>> person_data2 = fc.savePersonData(face_rec, vector )
Saving files to :F:\Python\my_dlib_codes\face_recognition\data\jobs2.npy
>>> fc.comparePersonData(person_data1, person_data2)
0.490491048429
It's the same person

官方例程

#!/usr/bin/python
# The contents of this file are in the public domain. See LICENSE_FOR_EXAMPLE_PROGRAMS.txt
#
#   This example shows how to use dlib's face recognition tool.  This tool maps
#   an image of a human face to a 128 dimensional vector space where images of
#   the same person are near to each other and images from different people are
#   far apart.  Therefore, you can perform face recognition by mapping faces to
#   the 128D space and then checking if their Euclidean distance is small
#   enough.
#
#   When using a distance threshold of 0.6, the dlib model obtains an accuracy
#   of 99.38% on the standard LFW face recognition benchmark, which is
#   comparable to other state-of-the-art methods for face recognition as of
#   February 2017. This accuracy means that, when presented with a pair of face
#   images, the tool will correctly identify if the pair belongs to the same
#   person or is from different people 99.38% of the time.
#
#   Finally, for an in-depth discussion of how dlib's tool works you should
#   refer to the C++ example program dnn_face_recognition_ex.cpp and the
#   attendant documentation referenced therein.
#
#
#
#
# COMPILING/INSTALLING THE DLIB PYTHON INTERFACE
#   You can install dlib using the command:
#       pip install dlib
#
#   Alternatively, if you want to compile dlib yourself then go into the dlib
#   root folder and run:
#       python setup.py install
#   or
#       python setup.py install --yes USE_AVX_INSTRUCTIONS
#   if you have a CPU that supports AVX instructions, since this makes some
#   things run faster.  This code will also use CUDA if you have CUDA and cuDNN
#   installed.
#
#   Compiling dlib should work on any operating system so long as you have
#   CMake and boost-python installed.  On Ubuntu, this can be done easily by
#   running the command:
#       sudo apt-get install libboost-python-dev cmake
#
#   Also note that this example requires scikit-image which can be installed
#   via the command:
#       pip install scikit-image
#   Or downloaded from http://scikit-image.org/download.html. import sys
import os
import dlib
import glob
from skimage import ioif len(sys.argv) != 4:print("Call this program like this:\n""   ./face_recognition.py shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat dlib_face_recognition_resnet_model_v1.dat ../examples/faces\n""You can download a trained facial shape predictor and recognition model from:\n""    http://dlib.net/files/shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat.bz2\n""    http://dlib.net/files/dlib_face_recognition_resnet_model_v1.dat.bz2")exit()predictor_path = sys.argv[1]
face_rec_model_path = sys.argv[2]
faces_folder_path = sys.argv[3]# Load all the models we need: a detector to find the faces, a shape predictor
# to find face landmarks so we can precisely localize the face, and finally the
# face recognition model.
detector = dlib.get_frontal_face_detector()
sp = dlib.shape_predictor(predictor_path)
facerec = dlib.face_recognition_model_v1(face_rec_model_path)win = dlib.image_window()# Now process all the images
for f in glob.glob(os.path.join(faces_folder_path, "*.jpg")):print("Processing file: {}".format(f))img = io.imread(f)win.clear_overlay()win.set_image(img)# Ask the detector to find the bounding boxes of each face. The 1 in the# second argument indicates that we should upsample the image 1 time. This# will make everything bigger and allow us to detect more faces.dets = detector(img, 1)print("Number of faces detected: {}".format(len(dets)))# Now process each face we found.for k, d in enumerate(dets):print("Detection {}: Left: {} Top: {} Right: {} Bottom: {}".format(k, d.left(), d.top(), d.right(), d.bottom()))# Get the landmarks/parts for the face in box d.shape = sp(img, d)# Draw the face landmarks on the screen so we can see what face is currently being processed.win.clear_overlay()win.add_overlay(d)win.add_overlay(shape)# Compute the 128D vector that describes the face in img identified by# shape.  In general, if two face descriptor vectors have a Euclidean# distance between them less than 0.6 then they are from the same# person, otherwise they are from different people. Here we just print# the vector to the screen.face_descriptor = facerec.compute_face_descriptor(img, shape)print(face_descriptor)# It should also be noted that you can also call this function like this:#  face_descriptor = facerec.compute_face_descriptor(img, shape, 100)# The version of the call without the 100 gets 99.13% accuracy on LFW# while the version with 100 gets 99.38%.  However, the 100 makes the# call 100x slower to execute, so choose whatever version you like.  To# explain a little, the 3rd argument tells the code how many times to# jitter/resample the image.  When you set it to 100 it executes the# face descriptor extraction 100 times on slightly modified versions of# the face and returns the average result.  You could also pick a more# middle value, such as 10, which is only 10x slower but still gets an# LFW accuracy of 99.3%.dlib.hit_enter_to_continue()

吐槽：
dlib的确很方便，不用花多少时间就能自己做到一些目标功能。官方文档讲的很详细，很容易入门。看这个文档（dlib python api）差不多就能学会用了。导师已经安排了研究生阶段的学习任务了，后面也要忙起来了。dlib的学习虽然是我10月份才开的坑，为了善始善终我也要尽快整理完这些东西。以后要回到”泡馆”生活了。
ヽ(･ω･｡)ﾉ

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python dlib学习（五）：比对人脸

前言

程序1

程序1结果

程序2

程序2结果

程序2结果

官方例程

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