struts-default.xml这个文件很重要，多看几遍就熟悉了！

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
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/** $Id: struts-default.xml 833563 2009-11-06 21:37:19Z musachy $** Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one* or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file* distributed with this work for additional information* regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance* with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at**  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0** Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,* software distributed under the License is distributed on an* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY* KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the* specific language governing permissions and limitations* under the License.*/
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<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.1.7//EN""http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.1.7.dtd"><struts><bean class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ObjectFactory" name="xwork" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ObjectFactory" name="struts" class="org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsObjectFactory" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionProxyFactory" name="xwork" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionProxyFactory"/><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionProxyFactory" name="struts" class="org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxyFactory"/><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.ObjectTypeDeterminer" name="tiger" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.DefaultObjectTypeDeterminer"/><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.ObjectTypeDeterminer" name="notiger" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.DefaultObjectTypeDeterminer"/><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.ObjectTypeDeterminer" name="struts" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.DefaultObjectTypeDeterminer"/><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.PatternMatcher" name="struts" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.WildcardHelper" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.PatternMatcher" name="namedVariable" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.NamedVariablePatternMatcher"/><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.PatternMatcher" name="regex" class="org.apache.struts2.util.RegexPatternMatcher"/><bean type="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.ActionMapper" name="struts" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.DefaultActionMapper" /><bean type="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.ActionMapper" name="composite" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.CompositeActionMapper" /><bean type="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.ActionMapper" name="restful" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.RestfulActionMapper" /><bean type="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.ActionMapper" name="restful2" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.Restful2ActionMapper" /><bean type="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.multipart.MultiPartRequest" name="struts" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.multipart.JakartaMultiPartRequest" scope="default"/><bean type="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.multipart.MultiPartRequest" name="jakarta" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.multipart.JakartaMultiPartRequest" scope="default" /><constant name="struts.multipart.handler" value="jakarta" /><bean type="org.apache.struts2.views.TagLibrary" name="s" class="org.apache.struts2.views.DefaultTagLibrary" /><bean class="org.apache.struts2.views.freemarker.FreemarkerManager" name="struts" /><bean class="org.apache.struts2.views.velocity.VelocityManager" name="struts" optional="true" /><bean class="org.apache.struts2.components.template.TemplateEngineManager" /><bean type="org.apache.struts2.components.template.TemplateEngine" name="ftl" class="org.apache.struts2.components.template.FreemarkerTemplateEngine" /><bean type="org.apache.struts2.components.template.TemplateEngine" name="vm" class="org.apache.struts2.components.template.VelocityTemplateEngine" /><bean type="org.apache.struts2.components.template.TemplateEngine" name="jsp" class="org.apache.struts2.components.template.JspTemplateEngine" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.XWorkConverter" name="struts" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.XWorkConverter" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.XWorkConverter" name="xwork1" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.XWorkConverter" /><bean class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.XWorkBasicConverter" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.TextProvider" name="xwork1" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.TextProviderSupport" scope="default" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.TextProvider" name="struts" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.TextProviderSupport" scope="default" /><bean type="org.apache.struts2.components.UrlRenderer" name="struts" class="org.apache.struts2.components.ServletUrlRenderer"/><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.ValueStackFactory" name="struts" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlValueStackFactory" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.reflection.ReflectionProvider" name="struts" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlReflectionProvider" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.reflection.ReflectionContextFactory" name="struts" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlReflectionContextFactory" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.TextProvider" name="system" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultTextProvider" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.NullHandler" name="java.lang.Object" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.conversion.impl.InstantiatingNullHandler" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.ActionValidatorManager" name="struts" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.AnnotationActionValidatorManager" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.ActionValidatorManager" name="no-annotations" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.DefaultActionValidatorManager" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.ValidatorFactory" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.DefaultValidatorFactory"/><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.ValidatorFileParser" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.DefaultValidatorFileParser" /><bean class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil" /><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.CompoundRoot" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.CompoundRootAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="java.lang.Object" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.ObjectAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="java.util.Iterator" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkIteratorPropertyAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="java.util.Enumeration" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkEnumerationAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="java.util.List" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkListPropertyAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="java.util.Set" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkCollectionPropertyAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="java.util.Map" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkMapPropertyAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="java.util.Collection" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkCollectionPropertyAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.ObjectProxy" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.ObjectProxyPropertyAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.MethodAccessor" name="java.lang.Object" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkMethodAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.MethodAccessor" name="com.opensymphony.xwork2.util.CompoundRoot" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.CompoundRootAccessor" /><bean class="org.apache.struts2.views.jsp.ui.OgnlTool" /><bean type="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.StaticContentLoader" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.DefaultStaticContentLoader" name="struts" /><bean type="com.opensymphony.xwork2.UnknownHandlerManager" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultUnknownHandlerManager" name="struts" /><!--  Silly workarounds for OGNL since there is currently no way to flush its internal caches --><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="java.util.ArrayList" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkListPropertyAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="java.util.HashSet" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkCollectionPropertyAccessor" /><bean type="ognl.PropertyAccessor" name="java.util.HashMap" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.accessor.XWorkMapPropertyAccessor" /><package name="struts-default" abstract="true"><result-types><result-type name="chain" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionChainResult"/><result-type name="dispatcher" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ServletDispatcherResult" default="true"/><result-type name="freemarker" class="org.apache.struts2.views.freemarker.FreemarkerResult"/><result-type name="httpheader" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.HttpHeaderResult"/><result-type name="redirect" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ServletRedirectResult"/><result-type name="redirectAction" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ServletActionRedirectResult"/><result-type name="stream" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.StreamResult"/><result-type name="velocity" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.VelocityResult"/><result-type name="xslt" class="org.apache.struts2.views.xslt.XSLTResult"/><result-type name="plainText" class="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.PlainTextResult" /></result-types><interceptors><interceptor name="alias" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AliasInterceptor"/><interceptor name="autowiring" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.spring.interceptor.ActionAutowiringInterceptor"/><interceptor name="chain" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ChainingInterceptor"/><interceptor name="conversionError" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.StrutsConversionErrorInterceptor"/><interceptor name="cookie" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CookieInterceptor"/><interceptor name="clearSession" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ClearSessionInterceptor" /><interceptor name="createSession" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CreateSessionInterceptor" /><interceptor name="debugging" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.debugging.DebuggingInterceptor" /><interceptor name="externalRef" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ExternalReferencesInterceptor"/><interceptor name="execAndWait" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ExecuteAndWaitInterceptor"/><interceptor name="exception" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ExceptionMappingInterceptor"/><interceptor name="fileUpload" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.FileUploadInterceptor"/><interceptor name="i18n" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.I18nInterceptor"/><interceptor name="logger" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.LoggingInterceptor"/><interceptor name="modelDriven" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ModelDrivenInterceptor"/><interceptor name="scopedModelDriven" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ScopedModelDrivenInterceptor"/><interceptor name="params" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor"/><interceptor name="actionMappingParams" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ActionMappingParametersInteceptor"/><interceptor name="prepare" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.PrepareInterceptor"/><interceptor name="staticParams" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.StaticParametersInterceptor"/><interceptor name="scope" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ScopeInterceptor"/><interceptor name="servletConfig" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletConfigInterceptor"/><interceptor name="sessionAutowiring" class="org.apache.struts2.spring.interceptor.SessionContextAutowiringInterceptor"/><interceptor name="timer" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.TimerInterceptor"/><interceptor name="token" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.TokenInterceptor"/><interceptor name="tokenSession" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.TokenSessionStoreInterceptor"/><interceptor name="validation" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.validation.AnnotationValidationInterceptor"/><interceptor name="workflow" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.DefaultWorkflowInterceptor"/><interceptor name="store" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.MessageStoreInterceptor" /><interceptor name="checkbox" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CheckboxInterceptor" /><interceptor name="profiling" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ProfilingActivationInterceptor" /><interceptor name="roles" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.RolesInterceptor" /><interceptor name="jsonValidation" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.validation.JSONValidationInterceptor" /><interceptor name="annotationWorkflow" class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.annotations.AnnotationWorkflowInterceptor" /><interceptor name="multiselect" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.MultiselectInterceptor" /><!-- Basic stack --><interceptor-stack name="basicStack"><interceptor-ref name="exception"/><interceptor-ref name="servletConfig"/><interceptor-ref name="prepare"/><interceptor-ref name="checkbox"/><interceptor-ref name="multiselect"/><interceptor-ref name="actionMappingParams"/><interceptor-ref name="params"><param name="excludeParams">dojo\..*,^struts\..*</param></interceptor-ref><interceptor-ref name="conversionError"/></interceptor-stack><!-- Sample validation and workflow stack --><interceptor-stack name="validationWorkflowStack"><interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/><interceptor-ref name="validation"/><interceptor-ref name="workflow"/></interceptor-stack><!-- Sample JSON validation stack --><interceptor-stack name="jsonValidationWorkflowStack"><interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/><interceptor-ref name="validation"><param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel</param></interceptor-ref><interceptor-ref name="jsonValidation"/><interceptor-ref name="workflow"/></interceptor-stack><!-- Sample file upload stack --><interceptor-stack name="fileUploadStack"><interceptor-ref name="fileUpload"/><interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/></interceptor-stack><!-- Sample model-driven stack  --><interceptor-stack name="modelDrivenStack"><interceptor-ref name="modelDriven"/><interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/></interceptor-stack><!-- Sample action chaining stack --><interceptor-stack name="chainStack"><interceptor-ref name="chain"/><interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/></interceptor-stack><!-- Sample i18n stack --><interceptor-stack name="i18nStack"><interceptor-ref name="i18n"/><interceptor-ref name="basicStack"/></interceptor-stack><!-- An example of the paramsPrepareParams trick. This stackis exactly the same as the defaultStack, except that itincludes one extra interceptor before the prepare interceptor:the params interceptor.This is useful for when you wish to apply parameters directlyto an object that you wish to load externally (such as a DAOor database or service layer), but can't load that objectuntil at least the ID parameter has been loaded. By loadingthe parameters twice, you can retrieve the object in theprepare() method, allowing the second params interceptor toapply the values on the object. --><interceptor-stack name="paramsPrepareParamsStack"><interceptor-ref name="exception"/><interceptor-ref name="alias"/><interceptor-ref name="i18n"/><interceptor-ref name="checkbox"/><interceptor-ref name="multiselect"/><interceptor-ref name="params"><param name="excludeParams">dojo\..*,^struts\..*</param></interceptor-ref><interceptor-ref name="servletConfig"/><interceptor-ref name="prepare"/><interceptor-ref name="chain"/><interceptor-ref name="modelDriven"/><interceptor-ref name="fileUpload"/><interceptor-ref name="staticParams"/><interceptor-ref name="actionMappingParams"/><interceptor-ref name="params"><param name="excludeParams">dojo\..*,^struts\..*</param></interceptor-ref><interceptor-ref name="conversionError"/><interceptor-ref name="validation"><param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel,browse</param></interceptor-ref><interceptor-ref name="workflow"><param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel,browse</param></interceptor-ref></interceptor-stack><!-- A complete stack with all the common interceptors in place.Generally, this stack should be the one you use, though itmay do more than you need. Also, the ordering can beswitched around (ex: if you wish to have your servlet-relatedobjects applied before prepare() is called, you'd need to moveservletConfig interceptor up.This stack also excludes from the normal validation and workflowthe method names input, back, and cancel. These typically areassociated with requests that should not be validated.--><interceptor-stack name="defaultStack"><interceptor-ref name="exception"/><interceptor-ref name="alias"/><interceptor-ref name="servletConfig"/><interceptor-ref name="i18n"/><interceptor-ref name="prepare"/><interceptor-ref name="chain"/><interceptor-ref name="debugging"/><interceptor-ref name="scopedModelDriven"/><interceptor-ref name="modelDriven"/><interceptor-ref name="fileUpload"/><interceptor-ref name="checkbox"/><interceptor-ref name="multiselect"/><interceptor-ref name="staticParams"/><interceptor-ref name="actionMappingParams"/><interceptor-ref name="params"><param name="excludeParams">dojo\..*,^struts\..*</param></interceptor-ref><interceptor-ref name="conversionError"/><interceptor-ref name="validation"><param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel,browse</param></interceptor-ref><interceptor-ref name="workflow"><param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel,browse</param></interceptor-ref></interceptor-stack><!-- The completeStack is here for backwards compatibility forapplications that still refer to the defaultStack by theold name --><interceptor-stack name="completeStack"><interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/></interceptor-stack><!-- Sample execute and wait stack.Note: execAndWait should always be the *last* interceptor. --><interceptor-stack name="executeAndWaitStack"><interceptor-ref name="execAndWait"><param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel</param></interceptor-ref><interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/><interceptor-ref name="execAndWait"><param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel</param></interceptor-ref></interceptor-stack></interceptors><default-interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"/><default-class-ref class="com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport" /></package></struts>