(读书笔记)中级语法-简单句和复杂句

主 + 系 + 表

主 + 谓

主 + 谓 + 宾

主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾语补足语

主 + 系 + 表

系动词：没有具体的动作，只是起连接主语和后面的成分的作用。

它后面连接的成分用来说明主语的特点，表明主语的性质特征的（可以称为主语补足语或者表语）。比如

The cat is cute.

表语的形式有多种：不定式，形容词，名词短语，副词。副词不能作表语（因为表语说明的是主语特征，而副词是说明动词的特征）

系动词的分类，主要有四种

单纯表示主语状态和特征的，主要是感官动词。feel，look，sound，taste，smell，seem，appear
1. The iron feels hot.
2. The rose doesn't smell much.
表示主语从一种状态转变为另一种状态的。
1. become, grow, turn
  1. The teacher bacame angry.
2. fall, go, come 作系动词，有固定搭配
  1. Our supplies of suger and rice fell short.
  2. 因为fall在此处是系动词，不是动词，所以不能跟副词
3. go 作系动词，一般含贬义，表示事物往怀的地方发展
  1. go mad， go bad, go wrong, go sour, go crazy
4. come 作系动词，一般含褒义，表示事物往好的方向发展
  1. The dream has come true.
  2. Hope your dreams will come true.
表示主语保持某种状态的。continue, remain, stay, keep, hold, rest, prove
1. If you don't stay busy, you die. I don't want to die right now.
2. He held silent for the whole day.
3. The weather continued fine for several days.
近似于不及物动词的系动词
1. 近似于不及物动词的系动词有sit, act, arrive, blush, marry, die, be born, 也可称为半系动词
2. He arrived in the U.S a penniless 21-year-old.
3. He lived the life of and died a prairie chicken.
4. Jane died a spinsterr.
5. 同源宾语（He died a hero's death, He lived a dog's life, He dreamt a beautiful dream. 只能接同源宾语，不能接其他宾语）
6. Lei Feng died young.
7. 区别： Don't act stupid. Don't act stupidly. 装傻还是真傻
8. 装病：act sick
9. All men are created equal.

简单句如何变成复杂句

Vitamins are organic compounds.

增加后置定语修饰 compounds

Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth of life

进一步复杂后置定语

Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth of life and maintenance of life of anmals, including man.

增加介词短语进一步复杂后置定语

Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth of life and maintenance of life of animals, including man.

主 + 谓

这种句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，所表示的动作没有作用对象，其本身意思完整，其后不需要带宾语

The eggs hatched.

The little eagle grew up.

虽然没有宾语，但是在谓语后面可以接状语，用来修饰谓语动词，比如表示动作发生的地点，地点状语

An eagle's egg was placed in the nest of a prairie chicken.

It scratched in the dirt for seeds.

简单句如何变成复杂句

This trend began during the Second World War.

增加一个定语从句，来修饰时间the Second World War.

This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion.

添加同位语从句，来修饰conclusion

This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foresee in detail.

再添加一个定语从句来修饰demands

This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

主 + 谓 + 宾

及物动词（transitive verb），宾语是动作的承受者

They are looking for one-minute solutions to everything.

Just like instant coffee, they want instance happiness.

There are no quick fixes. This attitude leads to disappointment.

若是不及物动词（所表示的动作有作用对象），则可以加适当的介词，然后再接宾语。

但是这里有问题：既然不及物动词，语义完整，那么加介词后接宾语，这样后面的宾语作为动作的承受者，那谓语的意思一开始其实不完整，这里有点confuse。

简单句如何变复杂句

The emphasis helped to obscure the great importance.

不定式短语作宾语

加一个分词短语作后置定语，表明谁在强调

The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen helped to obscure the great importance.

增加介词短语补充说明主语，表明强调的内容是什么。

The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance.

在importance后面添加介词短语作后置定语

The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade.

在international trade后面添加定语从句

The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmeng to the presumed disappearance of the American frontierr helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade the occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.

主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

双宾动词（dative verb），后面所接成分既有人也有物

“人”表示动作的接受者，为间接宾语

“物”表示作用对象，是动作的承受者，为直接宾语

He showed the guard his passport.

I am going to buy her a gift.

将间接宾语后移，间接宾语前需要带介词 to 或者 for，这个取决于不同的动词

表示间接宾语是动作的接受者 to: show, assign, award, bring, deliver, deny, feed, give, grant, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, post, read, recommend, sell, send, take, write

for : buy, book, build, change, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, make, order, prepare, sing

个别动词不能后移间接宾语，charge, cost, bet

I will bet you ten dollars.

The repairman charged me ten dollars.

也有更特殊的动词，间接宾语后移时，需要在间接宾语前加上介词of

I have a question to ask of you.

I have a big favor to ask of you.

简单句如何变成复杂句

Her work won her the Nobel Prize in 1983.

Her work in genetics won Unitetd States Scientist Barbara McClintock the Nobel Prize in 1983.

主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾语补足语

谓语为宾补动词（factitive verb）

常见：appoint, believe, call, choose, consider, declare, elect, feel, find, keep, leave, let, make, name, nominate, prove, see, suppose, vote

I very much hope that this new medium will make my Christmas message more personal and direct. 形容词作宾语补足语

A hedge between keeps friendship green.

They appointed John chairman. 名词作宾语补足语

I believe him to be true. 不定式作宾语补足语

The chairman declared the meeting over. 副词作宾语补足语

You can leave the door open. 形容词作宾语补足语

区分双宾语和复合宾语

尤其是 “动词 + 人 + 物” 这样的结构时

区分方法：在宾语后面加上 be 动词，若能构成完整的句子，则是补足语

I made John our chairman.

I made John a cake.

She will make him a goood husband.

She will make him a good wife.

简单句叠加成复杂句

Willa Cather considered this novel her best work.

把宾语复杂化

Willa Cather considered her novel of life in nineteenth-century Nebrska, My Antonia her best work.