Arduino Mega2560 作为烧录器烧写Mega2560的bootloader

本文参考自：http://www.51hei.com/bbs/dpj-48026-1.html

打开arduino IDE 软件，菜单栏文件-->示例-->ArduinoISP,这个就是官方的isp下载器代码。我们直接打开

这里介绍下icsp口的定义

MISO(50引脚)	5V
SCK(52引脚)	MOSI(51引脚)
RST	GND

实物接线上面这个电容是10uf的，接地

当然也能这样接，这样要下载的板子就不用再接电源了

这里注意下，Arduino UNO和Mega2560的io口定义是不一样的，需要修改。按官方例程直接操作是不行的

改变的地方是找到这段代码

#define USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING#ifdef USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING#define PIN_MOSI  11
#define PIN_MISO    12
#define PIN_SCK     13#endif

改成这里改成这个是因为mega2560的引脚就是这么定义的，具体可查看手册

    #define USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING   //此处别忘记取消注释#ifdef USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING#define PIN_MOSI        51    //mega2560的MOSI 11#define PIN_MISO        50   //mega2560的MISO 12#define PIN_SCK         52   //mega2560的SCK 13#endif

下面附上修改的代码

 // ArduinoISP//reset引脚接10uf电容 到 gnd ，就是10号引脚// Copyright (c) 2008-2011 Randall Bohn// If you require a license, see//     [url=http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php]http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php[/url]//// This sketch turns the Arduino into a AVRISP// using the following arduino pins://// Pin 10 is used to reset the target microcontroller.//// By default, the hardware SPI pins MISO, MOSI and SCK pins are used// to communicate with the target. On all Arduinos, these pins can be found// on the ICSP/SPI header:////               MISO °. . 5V (!) Avoid this pin on Due, Zero...//               SCK   . . MOSI//                     . . GND//// On some Arduinos (Uno,...), pins MOSI, MISO and SCK are the same pins// as digital pin 11, 12 and 13, respectively. That is why many tutorials// instruct you to hook up the target to these pins. If you find this wiring// more practical, have a define USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING. This will work even// even when not using an Uno. (On an Uno this is not needed).//// Alternatively you can use any other digital pin by configuring software ('BitBanged')// SPI and having appropriate defines for PIN_MOSI, PIN_MISO and PIN_SCK.//// IMPORTANT: When using an Arduino that is not 5V tolerant (Due, Zero, ...)// as the programmer, make sure to not expose any of the programmer's pins to 5V.// A simple way to accomplish this is to power the complete system (programmer// and target) at 3V3.//// Put an LED (with resistor) on the following pins:// 9: Heartbeat   - shows the programmer is running// 8: Error       - Lights up if something goes wrong (use red if that makes sense)// 7: Programming - In communication with the slave//#include "Arduino.h"#undef SERIAL#define PROG_FLICKER true// Configure SPI clock (in Hz).// E.g. for an attiny @128 kHz: the datasheet states that both the high// and low spi clock pulse must be > 2 cpu cycles, so take 3 cycles i.e.// divide target f_cpu by 6://     #define SPI_CLOCK            (128000/6)//// A clock slow enough for an attiny85 @ 1MHz, is a reasonable default:#define SPI_CLOCK                 (1000000/6)// Select hardware or software SPI, depending on SPI clock.// Currently only for AVR, for other archs (Due, Zero,...),// hardware SPI is probably too fast anyway.#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_AVR)#if SPI_CLOCK > (F_CPU / 128)#define USE_HARDWARE_SPI#endif#endif// Configure which pins to use:// The standard pin configuration.#ifndef ARDUINO_HOODLOADER2#define RESET     10 // Use pin 10 to reset the target rather than SS#define LED_HB    9#define LED_ERR   8#define LED_PMODE 7// Uncomment following line to use the old Uno style wiring// (using pin 11, 12 and 13 instead of the SPI header) on Leonardo, Due...#define USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING   //此处别忘记取消注释#ifdef USE_OLD_STYLE_WIRING#define PIN_MOSI        51    //mega2560的MOSI 11#define PIN_MISO        50   //mega2560的MISO 12#define PIN_SCK         52   //mega2560的SCK 13#endif// HOODLOADER2 means running sketches on the atmega16u2// serial converter chips on Uno or Mega boards.// We must use pins that are broken out:#else#define RESET             10#define LED_HB            7#define LED_ERR           6#define LED_PMODE         5#endifBy default, use hardware SPI pins://#ifndef PIN_MOSI//#define PIN_MOSI         MOSI//#endif////#ifndef PIN_MISO//#define PIN_MISO         MISO//#endif////#ifndef PIN_SCK//#define PIN_SCK         SCK//#endif//Force bitbanged SPI if not using the hardware SPI pins://#if (PIN_MISO != MISO) ||  (PIN_MOSI != MOSI) || (PIN_SCK != SCK)//#undef USE_HARDWARE_SPI//#endif// Configure the serial port to use.//// Prefer the USB virtual serial port (aka. native USB port), if the Arduino has one://   - it does not autoreset (except for the magic baud rate of 1200).//   - it is more reliable because of USB handshaking.//// Leonardo and similar have an USB virtual serial port: 'Serial'.// Due and Zero have an USB virtual serial port: 'SerialUSB'.//// On the Due and Zero, 'Serial' can be used too, provided you disable autoreset.// To use 'Serial': #define SERIAL Serial#ifdef SERIAL_PORT_USBVIRTUAL#define SERIAL SERIAL_PORT_USBVIRTUAL#else#define SERIAL Serial#endif// Configure the baud rate:#define BAUDRATE        19200// #define BAUDRATE        115200// #define BAUDRATE        1000000#define HWVER 2#define SWMAJ 1#define SWMIN 18// STK Definitions#define STK_OK      0x10#define STK_FAILED  0x11#define STK_UNKNOWN 0x12#define STK_INSYNC  0x14#define STK_NOSYNC  0x15#define CRC_EOP     0x20 //ok it is a space...void pulse(int pin, int times);#ifdef USE_HARDWARE_SPI#include "SPI.h"#else#define SPI_MODE0 0x00class SPISettings {public:// clock is in HzSPISettings(uint32_t clock, uint8_t bitOrder, uint8_t dataMode) : clock(clock){(void) bitOrder;(void) dataMode;};private:uint32_t clock;friend class BitBangedSPI;};class BitBangedSPI {public:void begin() {digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, LOW);digitalWrite(PIN_MOSI, LOW);pinMode(PIN_SCK, OUTPUT);pinMode(PIN_MOSI, OUTPUT);pinMode(PIN_MISO, INPUT);}void beginTransaction(SPISettings settings) {pulseWidth = (500000 + settings.clock - 1) / settings.clock;if (pulseWidth == 0)pulseWidth = 1;}void end() {}uint8_t transfer (uint8_t b) {for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {digitalWrite(PIN_MOSI, (b & 0x80) ? HIGH : LOW);digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, HIGH);delayMicroseconds(pulseWidth);b = (b << 1) | digitalRead(PIN_MISO);digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, LOW); // slow pulsedelayMicroseconds(pulseWidth);}return b;}private:unsigned long pulseWidth; // in microseconds};static BitBangedSPI SPI;#endifvoid setup() {SERIAL.begin(BAUDRATE);pinMode(LED_PMODE, OUTPUT);pulse(LED_PMODE, 2);pinMode(LED_ERR, OUTPUT);pulse(LED_ERR, 2);pinMode(LED_HB, OUTPUT);pulse(LED_HB, 2);}int error = 0;int pmode = 0;// address for reading and writing, set by 'U' commandunsigned int here;uint8_t buff[256]; // global block storage#define beget16(addr) (*addr * 256 + *(addr+1) )typedef struct param {uint8_t devicecode;uint8_t revision;uint8_t progtype;uint8_t parmode;uint8_t polling;uint8_t selftimed;uint8_t lockbytes;uint8_t fusebytes;uint8_t flashpoll;uint16_t eeprompoll;uint16_t pagesize;uint16_t eepromsize;uint32_t flashsize;}parameter;parameter param;// this provides a heartbeat on pin 9, so you can tell the software is running.uint8_t hbval = 128;int8_t hbdelta = 8;void heartbeat() {static unsigned long last_time = 0;unsigned long now = millis();if ((now - last_time) < 40)return;last_time = now;if (hbval > 192) hbdelta = -hbdelta;if (hbval < 32) hbdelta = -hbdelta;hbval += hbdelta;analogWrite(LED_HB, hbval);}static bool rst_active_high;void reset_target(bool reset) {digitalWrite(RESET, ((reset && rst_active_high) || (!reset && !rst_active_high)) ? HIGH : LOW);}void loop(void) {// is pmode active?if (pmode) {digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, HIGH);} else {digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, LOW);}// is there an error?if (error) {digitalWrite(LED_ERR, HIGH);} else {digitalWrite(LED_ERR, LOW);}// light the heartbeat LEDheartbeat();if (SERIAL.available()) {avrisp();}}uint8_t getch() {while (!SERIAL.available());return SERIAL.read();}void fill(int n) {for (int x = 0; x < n; x++) {buff[x] = getch();}}#define PTIME 30void pulse(int pin, int times) {do {digitalWrite(pin, HIGH);delay(PTIME);digitalWrite(pin, LOW);delay(PTIME);} while (times--);}void prog_lamp(int state) {if (PROG_FLICKER) {digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, state);}}uint8_t spi_transaction(uint8_t a, uint8_t b, uint8_t c, uint8_t d) {SPI.transfer(a);SPI.transfer(b);SPI.transfer(c);return SPI.transfer(d);}void empty_reply() {if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {SERIAL.print((char)STK_INSYNC);SERIAL.print((char)STK_OK);} else {error++;SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);}}void breply(uint8_t b) {if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {SERIAL.print((char)STK_INSYNC);SERIAL.print((char)b);SERIAL.print((char)STK_OK);} else {error++;SERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);}}void get_version(uint8_t c) {switch (c) {case 0x80:breply(HWVER);break;case 0x81:breply(SWMAJ);break;case 0x82:breply(SWMIN);break;case 0x93:breply('S'); // serial programmerbreak;default:breply(0);}}void set_parameters() {// call this after reading paramter packet into buff[]param.devicecode = buff[0];param.revision   = buff[1];param.progtype   = buff[2];param.parmode    = buff[3];param.polling    = buff[4];param.selftimed  = buff[5];param.lockbytes  = buff[6];param.fusebytes  = buff[7];param.flashpoll  = buff[8];// ignore buff[9] (= buff[8])// following are 16 bits (big endian)param.eeprompoll = beget16(&buff[10]);param.pagesize   = beget16(&buff[12]);param.eepromsize = beget16(&buff[14]);// 32 bits flashsize (big endian)param.flashsize = buff[16] * 0x01000000+ buff[17] * 0x00010000+ buff[18] * 0x00000100+ buff[19];// avr devices have active low reset, at89sx are active highrst_active_high = (param.devicecode >= 0xe0);}void start_pmode() {// Reset target before driving PIN_SCK or PIN_MOSI// SPI.begin() will configure SS as output,// so SPI master mode is selected.// We have defined RESET as pin 10,// which for many arduino's is not the SS pin.// So we have to configure RESET as output here,// (reset_target() first sets the correct level)reset_target(true);pinMode(RESET, OUTPUT);SPI.begin();SPI.beginTransaction(SPISettings(SPI_CLOCK, MSBFIRST, SPI_MODE0));// See avr datasheets, chapter "SERIAL_PRG Programming Algorithm":// Pulse RESET after PIN_SCK is low:digitalWrite(PIN_SCK, LOW);delay(20); // discharge PIN_SCK, value arbitrally chosenreset_target(false);// Pulse must be minimum 2 target CPU clock cycles// so 100 usec is ok for CPU speeds above 20KHzdelayMicroseconds(100);reset_target(true);// Send the enable programming command:delay(50); // datasheet: must be > 20 msecspi_transaction(0xAC, 0x53, 0x00, 0x00);pmode = 1;}void end_pmode() {SPI.end();// We're about to take the target out of reset// so configure SPI pins as inputpinMode(PIN_MOSI, INPUT);pinMode(PIN_SCK, INPUT);reset_target(false);pinMode(RESET, INPUT);pmode = 0;}void universal() {uint8_t ch;fill(4);ch = spi_transaction(buff[0], buff[1], buff[2], buff[3]);breply(ch);}void flash(uint8_t hilo, unsigned int addr, uint8_t data) {spi_transaction(0x40 + 8 * hilo,addr >> 8 & 0xFF,addr & 0xFF,data);}void commit(unsigned int addr) {if (PROG_FLICKER) {prog_lamp(LOW);}spi_transaction(0x4C, (addr >> 8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, 0);if (PROG_FLICKER) {delay(PTIME);prog_lamp(HIGH);}}unsigned int current_page() {if (param.pagesize == 32) {return here & 0xFFFFFFF0;}if (param.pagesize == 64) {return here & 0xFFFFFFE0;}if (param.pagesize == 128) {return here & 0xFFFFFFC0;}if (param.pagesize == 256) {return here & 0xFFFFFF80;}return here;}void write_flash(int length) {fill(length);if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {SERIAL.print((char) STK_INSYNC);SERIAL.print((char) write_flash_pages(length));} else {error++;SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);}}uint8_t write_flash_pages(int length) {int x = 0;unsigned int page = current_page();while (x < length) {if (page != current_page()) {commit(page);page = current_page();}flash(LOW, here, buff[x++]);flash(HIGH, here, buff[x++]);here++;}commit(page);return STK_OK;}#define EECHUNK (32)uint8_t write_eeprom(unsigned int length) {// here is a word address, get the byte addressunsigned int start = here * 2;unsigned int remaining = length;if (length > param.eepromsize) {error++;return STK_FAILED;}while (remaining > EECHUNK) {write_eeprom_chunk(start, EECHUNK);start += EECHUNK;remaining -= EECHUNK;}write_eeprom_chunk(start, remaining);return STK_OK;}// write (length) bytes, (start) is a byte addressuint8_t write_eeprom_chunk(unsigned int start, unsigned int length) {// this writes byte-by-byte,// page writing may be faster (4 bytes at a time)fill(length);prog_lamp(LOW);for (unsigned int x = 0; x < length; x++) {unsigned int addr = start + x;spi_transaction(0xC0, (addr >> 8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, buff[x]);delay(45);}prog_lamp(HIGH);return STK_OK;}void program_page() {char result = (char) STK_FAILED;unsigned int length = 256 * getch();length += getch();char memtype = getch();// flash memory @here, (length) bytesif (memtype == 'F') {write_flash(length);return;}if (memtype == 'E') {result = (char)write_eeprom(length);if (CRC_EOP == getch()) {SERIAL.print((char) STK_INSYNC);SERIAL.print(result);} else {error++;SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);}return;}SERIAL.print((char)STK_FAILED);return;}uint8_t flash_read(uint8_t hilo, unsigned int addr) {return spi_transaction(0x20 + hilo * 8,(addr >> 8) & 0xFF,addr & 0xFF,0);}char flash_read_page(int length) {for (int x = 0; x < length; x += 2) {uint8_t low = flash_read(LOW, here);SERIAL.print((char) low);uint8_t high = flash_read(HIGH, here);SERIAL.print((char) high);here++;}return STK_OK;}char eeprom_read_page(int length) {// here again we have a word addressint start = here * 2;for (int x = 0; x < length; x++) {int addr = start + x;uint8_t ee = spi_transaction(0xA0, (addr >> 8) & 0xFF, addr & 0xFF, 0xFF);SERIAL.print((char) ee);}return STK_OK;}void read_page() {char result = (char)STK_FAILED;int length = 256 * getch();length += getch();char memtype = getch();if (CRC_EOP != getch()) {error++;SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);return;}SERIAL.print((char) STK_INSYNC);if (memtype == 'F') result = flash_read_page(length);if (memtype == 'E') result = eeprom_read_page(length);SERIAL.print(result);}void read_signature() {if (CRC_EOP != getch()) {error++;SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);return;}SERIAL.print((char) STK_INSYNC);uint8_t high = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);SERIAL.print((char) high);uint8_t middle = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00);SERIAL.print((char) middle);uint8_t low = spi_transaction(0x30, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00);SERIAL.print((char) low);SERIAL.print((char) STK_OK);}////void avrisp() {uint8_t ch = getch();switch (ch) {case '0': // signonerror = 0;empty_reply();break;case '1':if (getch() == CRC_EOP) {SERIAL.print((char) STK_INSYNC);SERIAL.print("AVR ISP");SERIAL.print((char) STK_OK);}else {error++;SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);}break;case 'A':get_version(getch());break;case 'B':fill(20);set_parameters();empty_reply();break;case 'E': // extended parameters - ignore for nowfill(5);empty_reply();break;case 'P':if (!pmode)start_pmode();empty_reply();break;case 'U': // set address (word)here = getch();here += 256 * getch();empty_reply();break;case 0x60: //STK_PROG_FLASHgetch(); // low addrgetch(); // high addrempty_reply();break;case 0x61: //STK_PROG_DATAgetch(); // dataempty_reply();break;case 0x64: //STK_PROG_PAGEprogram_page();break;case 0x74: //STK_READ_PAGE 't'read_page();break;case 'V': //0x56universal();break;case 'Q': //0x51error = 0;end_pmode();empty_reply();break;case 0x75: //STK_READ_SIGN 'u'read_signature();break;// expecting a command, not CRC_EOP// this is how we can get back in synccase CRC_EOP:error++;SERIAL.print((char) STK_NOSYNC);break;// anything else we will return STK_UNKNOWNdefault:error++;if (CRC_EOP == getch())SERIAL.print((char)STK_UNKNOWN);elseSERIAL.print((char)STK_NOSYNC);}}

复制好上面的程序后，直接通过usb烧到板子里，它就变成了一个isp烧写器了，按上面的图接好线后

接下来就要把bootloader通过这个板子烧到目标板子里面，首先在菜单里面工具->编程器->arduino as isp 选中

选择开发板型号菜单的->工具 -> 开发板: -> arduino/genuino mega or mega 2560

选择处理器菜单->工具->处理器->atmega2560(Mega 2560)

烧写引导程序菜单->工具->烧录引导程序

好了指示灯会一闪一闪的，就在烧写了，电容一定要接上，不然烧不了，我是这样

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