python的设计哲学是什么意思

哲学播客Philosophy Bites曾就这个问题采访过很多哲学家，来看看他们是怎么说的吧（中文小标题是我加的）：

Marilyn Adams：哲学就是努力思考最重要的问题，并尝试澄清问题和答案。Philosophy is thinking really hard about the most important questions and trying to bring analytic clarity both to the questions and the answers.

Robert Adams：哲学就是哲学家所做之事。Philosophy is what philosophers do. That’s important because I don’t want to be narrow as to what constitutes philosophy. There are certain ways of doing philosophy that are sufficiently different from the way that I and a majority of English-speaking philosophers do it, that I might hesitate to say they and we are practising the same discipline. But I think it would be unduly imperialistic to say what they’re doing is not philosophy.

Peter Adamson：哲学是对采取特定立场之得失的研究。Wow. I guess I think philosophy is the study of the costs and benefits that accrue when you take up a certain position. For example, if you’re arguing about free will and you’re trying to decide whether to be a compatibilist or incompatibilist—is free will compatible with causal determinism?—what you’re discovering is what problems and what benefits you get from saying that it is compatible, and what problems and benefits you get from saying it’s incompatible.

John Armstrong：哲学是成功的爱思考。Philosophy is the successful love of thinking.

Catalin Avramescu：不知道。You’ve hit me with this question. It’s a little bit like what Augustine famously said about the concept of time. When nobody asks me about it, I know. But whenever somebody asks me about what the concept of time is, I realize I don’t know.

Simon Blackburn：哲学是对最深刻概念的反思过程。Well, it’s a process of reflection on the deepest concepts, that is structures of thought, that make up the way in which we think about the world. So it’s concepts like reason, causation, matter, space, time, mind, consciousness, free will, all those big abstract words and they make up topics, and people have been thinking about them for two and a half thousand years and I expect they’ll think about them for another two and half thousand years if there are any of us left.

Richard Bradley：哲学99%是关于任何你关切之事的批判性反思。Philosophy is 99 per cent about critical reflection on anything you care to be interested in.

Wendy Brown：哲学追问人生的意义。哲学追问我们是谁，我们可能是什么，我们如何设想自己，以及我们如何甚至能够思考这些问题。Philosophy asks about life’s meanings. Philosophy asks about who we are, what we might be, how we conceive ourselves, and how we can even think these questions.

Allen Buchanan：哲学涉及对多数人想当然之事的批判反思。I don’t think it’s any one thing, but I think generally it involves being critical and reflective about things that most people take for granted.

John Campbell：一言难尽。最让我感兴趣的是，关于世界的常识图景，科学在告诉我们什么。I don’t think there is a general answer to that question. The thing that interests me most is what science is telling us about our common-sense picture of the world. What I’m uneasy about is a doublethink where on the one hand we just operate uncritically with our common-sense picture of the world, and then we shift into scientific mode. I think science really destabilizes our common-sense picture of the world. Understanding just where common sense has to give in the face of the science, where common sense is consistent with science, and where we have some real work to do to understand how they can both be correct—that is really what drives me.

Clare Carlisle：哲学就是理解我们所在的境况。Most simply put it’s about making sense of all this . . . We find ourselves in a world that we haven’t chosen. There are all sorts of possible ways of interpreting it and finding meaning in the world and in the lives that we live. So philosophy is about making sense of that situation that we find ourselves in.

Tony Coady：哲学涉及概念分析，但也应该去做更多综合性的大尺度的事情。Oh, well I’m an analytic philosopher, so I’m committed to the view that philosophy involves a lot of analytic work: a lot of analysis of concepts. But I think some people think philosophy only involves analysing concepts and getting clear about things. They also think you should have arguments for everything—it’s a very argumentative profession. These are all features of philosophy. But philosophy should also be aiming to do rather more synthetic large-scale sorts of things. Philosophy should be concerned with issues to do with the meaning of life, ethical and political issues, and should be scrutinizing the basic assumptions of our society. Philosophy has always been something of a science of presuppositions; but it shouldn’t just expose them and say ‘there they are’. It should say something further about them that can help people. As I get older and older I’m more and more concerned that there should be more imagination in philosophy than there is. At one stage it was all very clever, but rather dry. Although I would never want to get quite as imaginative as the various post-structuralist philosophers who put such a premium on imagination that the analysis and argument drop out, I still think that there’s something in offering a big picture about our circumstances, and I think that that’s something that should be encouraged in philosophy.

Tim Crane：哲学尝试理解最普遍意义上的事物如何在最普遍意义上联系起来。To quote Wilfrid Sellars, philosophy is the attempt to understand how things in the most general sense of that word hang together in the most general sense of those words.

Roger Crisp：你只有做一做哲学才能理解它的本质。I think it’s something you have to do to understand its essence.

Don Cupitt：哲学是批判性的思考。Philosophy is critical thinking: trying to become aware of how one’s own thinking works, of all the things one takes for granted, of the way in which one’s own thinking shapes the things one’s thinking about.

Donna Dickenson：哲学拒绝不经检验地接受任何成见。Philosophy is what I was told as an undergraduate women couldn’t do—by an eminent philosopher who had best remain nameless. But for me it’s the gadfly image, the Socratic gadfly: refusing to accept any platitudes or accepted wisdom without examining it.

John Dunn：哲学曾研究真理和安身立命之道，不过与之渐行渐远。I think it used to be an enquiry into what’s true and how people should live; it’s distantly related to that still, but I’d say the distance is growing rather than narrowing.

Luciano Floridi：哲学是概念工程。Philosophy is conceptual engineering. That means dealing with questions that are open to informed reasonable disagreement by providing new concepts that can be superseded in the future if more economic solutions can be found—but it’s a matter of rational agreement.

Sebastian Gardner：哲学是统一理论理性和实践理性的尝试。Philosophy is the attempt to unify theoretical and practical reason.

Raymond Geuss：哲学是尝试成为没有系统的系统性灵魂的一种方式。I’m afraid I have a very unhelpful answer to that, because it’s only a negative answer. It’s the answer that Friedrich Schlegel gave in his Athenaeum Fragments: philosophy is a way of trying to be a systematic spirit without having a system.

A. C. Grayling：哲学是对我们尚未充分恰当理解的事物的研究。Philosophy is enquiry into all those things which we don’t yet properly and fully understand. When we do get some grip on a problem or a set of problems we can hive that off into a special science or a social science – although those natural and social sciences tend to end up back as philosophical problems too—being those problems half obscure, half unformed, where the questions are themselves doubtful, where we’re peering out into the dark and don’t yet have a good sense of what we’re doing. And that’s what philosophy is, it’s enquiry into the mainly unknown.

Thomas Hurka：哲学是逻辑原则指导下的力求精确的抽象思考。Philosophy is abstract thought guided by principles of logic and ideals of precision in thought and argumentation about the most general issues concerning human beings and the world and our place in the world.

Terence Irwin：哲学是从明显事物出发得出惊人结论的论证。Some people have said, and I agree with them, that it’s the argument from things that seem perfectly obvious to a conclusion that’s extremely surprising. Other people have said that it’s a way of trying to get clear about the basic presuppositions of claims we tend to take for granted. Both of these are reasonably good ideas about what philosophy tries to do.

Chris Janaway：哲学是追问永恒问题的尝试。Um . . . ah . . . that’s a very good question. I’m reacting in the sort of way that you would expect philosophers to react; they very often don’t give an answer, and people find that suspicious. I suppose philosophy is the attempt to ask questions which seem not to go away—questions which are always going to be there.

Anthony Kenny：哲学是关于基本概念的尽可能清晰的思考。Philosophy is thinking as clearly as possible about the most fundamental concepts that reach through all the disciplines.

Chandran Kukathas：哲学是对给定话题之预设的系统性思考的尝试。My understanding of philosophy probably owes more to Michael Oakeshott than anybody else. Philosophy is an attempt to think systematically about the presuppositions of a given topic; to try to understand that topic in terms of concepts that give you a complete account of something. So, for example, to the extent that philosophy discusses ethics, it tries to give you an account of what is the nature of morality. Or to the extent that philosophy discusses politics, it tries to give you an account of what politics is in terms of concepts that make sense of this phenomenon.

Will Kymlicka：哲学的学科划分有其偶然性。Well I’m in a philosophy department but I’m always wondering what exactly I have in common with many of my colleagues, because, to be frank, I don’t necessarily understand the work they do in the philosophy of language or metaphysics. There’s a certain element of contingency about what remains in a philosophy department. Philosophy used to encompass economics and so on; and bits and pieces have separated themselves out and become self-standing disciplines, and what’s left is just what’s left, rather than anything coherent uniting it. I think of myself as a political philosopher; I’m interested in the normative evaluation of political life and state institutions. And that’s fairly strongly connected to moral philosophy. Moral philosophy, as Robert Nozick said, sets the boundaries of political philosophy.

Brian Leiter：哲学关涉所有人类行为的基本问题。This is a hard question. I can tell you what academic philosophy is, and it bears some relation to what philosophy has been historically. That is, philosophy is concerned with foundational or fundamental questions about the nature of everything else that human beings do: how we live, how we ought to live, what art is, what we know, whether we know anything, what science is, and so on. In that sense philosophy really is the most capacious of all the disciplines even if it isn’t, as Kant thought, the queen of the sciences. But since we’ve just been talking about Nietzsche, we can’t forget that there is a very different conception of what philosophers are. A philosopher for Nietzsche was an honorific. It refers to the person who creates or legislates value. It’s the person who, to borrow an image from one of my colleagues at the University of Chicago, Judge Richard Posner, is a moral entrepreneur. It’s a nice image. It’s somebody who creates new ways of evaluating things—what’s important, what’s worthwhile—that changes how an entire culture or an entire people understand those things.

Jerrold Levinson：日常思考也是哲学。Oh, I didn’t know you were going to ask me the really hard questions. I can tell a joke that says what philosophy is. A young man is going on a date and he asks his father for advice. ‘Dad, I’m really nervous, what will I talk about in the dead spots?’ The father says, ‘Look son, there are the three Fs: there’s Food, Family, and Filosophy.’ So the son says, ‘Okay, I’ll remember that.’ So he goes on a date and he’s with the date in the car after dinner; and there’s one of these lulls, and so he thinks what am I going to say, my teeth are clattering. Ah, I’ll remember my father’s advice. ‘So Mary, do you like asparagus?’ ‘Well, no John I don’t like asparagus.’ ‘Well, Mary, do you have any brothers?’ ‘Well actually John, I don’t have any brothers.’ ‘Well, Mary, if you had a brother would he like asparagus?’ That’s philosophy.

M. M. McCabe：哲学是关于思考的思考。Thinking about thinking.

Jeff McMahan：我可以笑吗？我不知道哲学是什么。Can I just laugh? I have no idea what philosophy is.

Ray Monk：哲学是理解我们自身和这个世界的尝试。Philosophy is the attempt to understand ourselves and the world.

A. W. Moore：“什么是哲学？”本身就是哲学问题。I’m hard pressed to say, but one thing that is certainly true is that ‘What is Philosophy?’ is itself a striking philosophical question.

Alexander Nehamas：我当哲学家是因为我想要能够谈论很多很多事情。I can’t answer that directly. I will tell you why I became a philosopher. I became a philosopher because I wanted to be able to talk about many, many things, ideally with knowledge, but sometimes not quite the amount of knowledge that I would need if I were to be a specialist in them. It allows you to be many different things. And plurality and complexity are very, very important to me.

Alex Neill：哲学是痴迷于清晰性的思考。Philosophy is thinking that is obsessed with clarity.

David Papineau：哲学是对最困难问题的努力思考。Philosophy is thinking hard about the most difficult problems that there are. And you might think scientists do that too, but there’s a certain kind of question whose difficulty can’t be resolved by getting more empirical evidence. It requires an untangling of presuppositions: figuring out that our thinking is being driven by ideas we didn’t even realize that we had. And that’s what philosophy is.

Anne Phillips：哲学是一种思考两难困境和矛盾的方式。Now I’m going to laugh. Philosophy for me is a way of thinking about dilemmas and contradictions. I don’t think of it in terms of having to be abstracted from the real world, or having to be about hypothetical problems, but wherever you’re dealing with something where there’s a real dilemma and there are very good reasons to go one way, and very good reasons to go another, at that point I think you need philosophy.

Thomas Pogge：哲学是爱智慧。I think that philosophy in the classical sense is the love of wisdom. So the question then is ‘What is wisdom?’ And I think wisdom is understanding what really matters in the world. And that’s how I would answer people who say what I’m doing is not really philosophy. In my view what really matters is the enormous injustice that’s being perpetrated on the poor in this world. We have just heard from the food and agricultural organization of the United Nations that for the first time in human history there are more than a billion people who are chronically malnourished. The poorest half of humankind has 3 per cent of global household income: the richest half 97 per cent. If the poorest half had 4 per cent of global household income they wouldn’t have this severe poverty. And what the philosopher can do is just to say, ‘this is something that matters’.

Janet Radcliffe Richards：哲学是一种研究模式。I regard philosophy as a mode of enquiry rather than a particular set of subjects. I regard it as involving the kind of questions where you’re not trying to find out how your ideas latch on to the world, whether your ideas are true or not, in the way that science is doing, but more about how your ideas hang together. This means that philosophical questions will arise in a lot of subjects. And if you haven’t got philosophical training you may well misunderstand the nature of a lot of those questions. So that’s how I prefer to think of philosophy—as a method, a kind of enquiry rather than a particular set of questions. Although of course there are some questions that can only be answered by that sort of enquiry.

Aaron Ridley：（笑）。(Laughs).

Ben Rogers:（笑）。我得回去干活去了。(Laughs). I must get back to the day job.

Michael Sandel：哲学是对事物存在方式的批判性反思。Philosophy is reflecting critically on the way things are. That includes reflecting critically on social and political and economic arrangements. It always intimates the possibility that things could be other than they are. And better.

Julian Savulescu：哲学就是通过使用理性和概念工具、先天理由和对自身与世界状态的反思来获取知识。Philosophy is in my view gaining knowledge through the use of reason and conceptual tools, a priori reason, and by reflecting about oneself and the state of the world. It employs the empirical sciences, but it’s not a version of science. It’s gaining knowledge through rational reflection. And in my own area philosophy is about understanding what people should do, what sort of person people should be, how people should act, by rationally reflecting on the courses of action or the nature of human beings. I also think philosophy should encourage people to gain knowledge, and reflect and to try to seek to understand the world and themselves through their capacity as rational animals.

Walter Sinnott-Armstrong：哲学是对融贯合理的整全世界观的寻求。Philosophy is the search for a coherent and justified overall world-view. Philosophers should stop looking at little issues in the corner of our lives and try to see how things fit together; how psychology fits with philosophy, how the mind fits with the body, how aesthetic value relates to economic value and justice. Those are the big issues: how do we fit together the different aspects of our lives? And that’s what philosophy ought to be addressing.

Barry Smith：哲学是对现实之本性以及我们在其中的位置的基本、清晰、得当的思考。I think it’s thinking fundamentally clearly and well about the nature of reality and our place in it, so as to understand better what goes on around us, and what our contribution is to that reality, and its effect on us.

Robert Rowland Smith：哲学是一种爱知识的方式。I think the Greek term has it exactly right; it’s a way of loving knowledge.

Paul Snowdon：哲学是一组问题的名字，这些问题让我们深感有趣，而且不能通过任何专门的方式被回答。Philosophy is the name we give to a collection of questions which are of deep interest to us and for which there isn’t any specialist way of answering. The categories in terms of which they are posed are ones which prevent experiments being carried out to answer them, so we’re thrown back on trying to answer them on the basis of evidence we can accumulate. For example, ‘Does God exist?’ You can’t hand that question over to some chap in a white coat to do an experiment. The category ‘God’ isn’t a category suitable for conducting experiments to determine whether there’s something of that sort or not. How do we decide? Well we simply have to weigh up the arguments for and against the existence of this kind of entity. And that is the general character of philosophical questions. Do values exist? Does the soul exist? Do sense data exist? And so on. ‘Philosophy’ is the name for that group of deep and important questions where there is no simple experimental way of answering them, and yet we want to know the answers.

Kate Soper：哲学关涉文化和历史，也关涉超越它们的真理。I think that one of the important things that philosophy is trying to do is to respect both the cultural relativity and historicity of our ideas while at the same time tease out what might be more trans-historical, trans-cultural truths.

Raymond Tallis：哲学就是试图明白较宽泛意义上的事物如何在较宽泛的意义上联系起来。One of my favourite definitions comes from Wilfrid Sellars. It is trying to see how things in the wider sense hang together in the wider sense. And my dream of philosophy is to make the universe we live in mind-portable, so instead of being possessed by it, you possess it.

Tzvetan Todorov：哲学是一种寻求智慧、过更智慧生活的方式。Philosophy is a subject that all French students have to take in the last class of high school. And they just hate it, because they can’t understand what philosophy is about. To answer more seriously, philosophy was a way of searching for wisdom, of leading a wiser life. And I adhere to this conception of philosophy.

Keith Ward：哲学就是对智慧的追求。I have a traditional, almost Indian approach to this: I think philosophy is the pursuit of wisdom, and that includes spiritual wisdom. So this means asking questions about the nature of the human self and the nature of reality, and how this will affect your life in practice. And in that sense, although I have experienced Oxford philosophy at its most intense, I’m definitely not an ordinary language philosopher.

Jonathan Wolff：两个常识概念往不同方向拉扯，哲学问题就出现了，哲学也就开始了。Well, I can tell you how philosophical problems arise in my view, which is where two common-sense notions push in different directions, and then philosophy gets started. And I suppose I also think that anything that claims to be philosophy which can’t be related back to a problem that arises in that way probably is empty.

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