考研英语作文笔记（刘晓燕强化班）

写作句型

简单句

1. 被动句

被动：只要在作文中有：我们……、人们……、大家……、许多人……、越来越多的人……等人或人称代词做主语的时候，都可以考虑写成被动

我们应该孝敬父母：

Parents should be respected by us
- parents 替换
  - superiors 父母，长辈，上司；比……优秀
  - the elderly 长辈
- should
  - ought to 应该
  - be supposed to 应该做某事
  - be obliged to 有责任，有义务(注意这个是有法律上的义务，强制性的)
- We us people
  - 下面这三个一般不进行替换，因为意思不是很准确
  - Human beings 人们
  - private individuals 人们
  - the folks/masses 公众，大众
  - 父母应该被我们（这里我我们就是孩子：children,kid,offspring,descendants）孝敬
  - 我们（年轻人：youngsters and teenagers；youngsters on campus（大学生），undergraduates（大学生））应该多读书
  - 很多人（experts and professors专家和教授们）都在关注环境问题
  - 我们（all children and adults；men and women in all walks）应该有自信
  - 我们（customers）应该支持国货
  - 对于“我、我们这样的词，全部用专有名词代替”

改写后：

the elderly are supposed to be respected by their descendants

我们不应该盲目追星:

Superstars ought not to be pursued blindly by teenagers and youngsters.

Superstar注意要加s(复数)

Not
- never
  - Superstars ought never to be pursued blindly by teenagers and youngsters.
- by no means
  - By no means ought the superstars to be pursued blindly by teenagers and youngsters
- under no circumstances 绝不
  - Under no circumstances ought the superstars to be pursued blindly by teenagers and youngsters

文章中心句都可以写成被动，文章中心句：第一段最后一句话。也就是被动句写在第一段最后一句话，引出文章中心的时候或者是第三段的第一句话（文章总结的时候使用）

pollution is thought very serious by an increasing number of experts and professors
- more and more替换成an increasing number of
- thing ：have been convinced that、maintain 、assert、contend
  - pollution is maintained/asserted/contended very serious by an increasing number of experts and professors
- very ： remarkably、exceedingly、extraordinarily
- serious ：grave、severe、fearful

改写后：

pollution is maintained remarkably grave by an increasing number of experts and professors

2. There be句型

there be句型：写在第二段的第一句话，引出原因分析的时候使用

there be = there exist 有，客观存在

There seems many reasons to explain/explaining my idea

Many=A sea of=a ocean of 许多，大量=immense amounts of 大量的=abundant
reasons =factors=elements
explain=account for 解释……的原因；be responsible for 导致……
idea=perspective=argument

改造后：

There remain immense amounts of factors which can account for my perspective

There seems strong evidence to show that 有确凿的证据表明…

There exists a growing worldwide awareness that 越来越多的人认为…=more and more people think that

3. 比较结构

as……as……句型

比较结构:as……as…… 写在作文中要出现形容词或副词的地方，都可以写成 as……as……句型，但是推荐在文章第一段最后一句使用，来引出文章中心；或者是第三段第一句话用于文章总结

be
- 所有的感官动词都可以替换be动词：Look（seem,appear）：好像、smell、taste、feel、sound
- prove(的确是：you prove very beautiful)
- become ,get (变得，表示原来不这样)
- keep,remain （保持，说明一直都这样）
beautiful
- elegant
- gorgeous

两个万能句型：

Something（文章中心词） proves as momentous as love and friendship, which plays a key role in our daily life
Something(文章中心词)proves as grave as incurable disease(cancer/COVID-19), which has threatened the existence of human beings

如果主题词是好的，就用第一句；如果是坏的，就用第二句

the more……the more

一个简单句：

The higher one climbs, the farther he will look 爬得越高，看得越远。

the+形容词/副词的比较级+句子（一般现在时），the+形容词/副词的比较级+句子（一般将来时）

The harder one works, the luckier he will be 越努力，越幸运。
The more frequently cultures are exchanged, the more rapidly the economy will develop文化交流越频繁，经济发展越快。

并列句

and： In the meanwhile、likewise
but ：nevertheless，on the contrary

图表作文一定是一幅图，两个主体，两个动作：

and……but写在作文的第一段，用于描述一幅图，两个主体，两个动作。

picture ：drawing Painting

not only… but also…（不但……而且……）

养宠物的缺点：

Pets not only can bite others especially our neighbors or strangers but also usually make our living environment rather nasty.

为什么要孝敬父母：

Respecting superiors not only keeps a Chinese conventional virtue but also proves the duty of their offspring

为什么文化交流很重要：

Cultural exchange can not only help numerous citizens widen their eyesight but also prompt the development of economy of a nation

主语从句

本句型可以写在任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子，但是一般写在第一段的开头位置，用来引出描述图画或图表：就是显而易见，在图画中……

It has been widely accepted that…… 普遍认为/众所周知
It is generally agreed that.普遍认为/众所周知

更好的主语从句的变体：把it变成what,在that前面加is

What has been widely accepted is that…… 普遍认为/众所周知
What is universally acknowledged is that……

同位语与同位语从句

名词做同位语：

The evidence/truth that +一个表示原因的简单句+ manifests/indicates/suggests that+文章的结论句

翻译成汉语就是：……这个证据/事实表明了……。该句型可以用在大作文第二段分析原因处。

为什么污染越来越严重？

The evidence that fresh air and blue sky fail to be available in cities and towns suggests that pollution has become increasingly serious day by day

定语和定语从句

定语在作文中的使用：只要在作文中见到名词，都可以有意识的给它加一个定语的成分，把句子拉长。在图画作文中见到名词一般都要加定语，图表作文一般不用

描述图画的万能定语:

好的
- 用 as well as连接两个形容词：
  - 形容外貌的：可爱的：cute, lovely, Little ；美丽年轻的：Graceful, elegant， young
  - 形容内心的：passionate
  - 有上进心的：aggressive
  - 有抱负的：ambitious
坏的
- 外貌的：fat, cruel ugly uncourteous
- 消极的：Pessimistic
- 目光短浅的：short-sighted

非限制性从句：

…….，which has been widely accepted by the public

……，which has the public’s widespread attention.

……，which may give rise to even more dreadful consequences 这可能会导致更加可怕的后果

本句型推荐用在第二段某个比较短的原因的后面，补充前面内容，并且拉长句子。

状语和状语从句

状语在作文的应用：

作文中任何一句话的旁边都可以给他加一个状语的成分把句子拉长。在第一段描述图画或图表的时候，一定要加状语

分析原因的万能状语：

in light of the rapid advance of science and technology
in our contemporary society
although many people fail to place great emphasis on the phenomenon（虽然很多人还没有关注到这个问题）

改写的一个句子：

The rapid and dynamic advance of science and technology, in our contemporary society,has become the decisive factor behind the development of forces and exerted a profound impact on world economy and social life。

Pay attention to

pour attention into
place great emphasis on

problem

phenomenon
current situation

Although many people fail to place great emphasis on the phenomenon, positive mentality indeed plays an essential role in our career and in our study

虽然很多人还没有意识到,但是乐观的心态在我们的事业和学习中都很重要:

状语从句的满分表达：

第一种:although

although一般写在第二段分析原因的时候使用

Surfing on the internet exerts great influence on the study and work of teenagers and youngsters although it definitely makes our daily life more convenient。

第二种:so……that

作文中只要出现形容词或副词的地方，都可以考虑歇会才能so……句型，推荐写在大作文第三段的第一句做总结的时候使用

persistence keeps so vital that it is good time for youngsters to restrain themselves to insist their dreams

Sth. proves so significant/fearful that it should have been brought into the limelight under modern conditions

这件事如此的重要以至于这件事早就引起人们的关注

第三种：分词作状语，放在句子的主谓之间，做插入语使用：

这个只有图画才有，跳过

特殊结构

插入语

万能插入语：（这些可以放在任何一句话的主谓之间）

副词做插入语

undoubtedly
Cooperation, actually, is a necessity to success.

形容词及短语

needless to say 显而易见
Cooperation, needless to say,is a necessity to success.

介词短语做插入语：

in my judgment 就我而言，我认为
to my knowledge 就我而言，我认为

常见的现在分词短语：

honestly speaking,exactly speaking

常见的不定式短语：

to tell the truth
important
- significant、essential
- play a key role in sth.

双重否定

never fail to：没有意思，表示强调谓语：

可以写在任何一个肯定句谓语的前面，

强调句型

It is……that……

上面这三个特殊结构都推荐写在第一段的最后一句话或第二段的第一句话或者是第三段的第一句话

The existing numerous factors account for the phenomenon.（第二段首句）
It is the existing numerous factors that account for the phenomenon As a consequence,

measures could be adopted to relieve the current situation.（第三段首句）
As a consequence it is to relieve the current situation that measures could be adopted

倒装

否定句放在句首用倒装：

Respecting parents not only keeps a Chinese conventional virtue but also proves the duty of their offspring

倒装为：Not only does respecting parents keep a Chinese conventional virtue but also proves the duty of their offspring

so……that倒装：

我很开心：
I am so delighted that I cannot help laughing at midnight

So delighted am I that I cannot help laughing at midnight

Sth. keeps so significant/fearful that the issue should have been brought into the limelight under modern conditions.

So significant/fearful does sth. keep that the issue should have been brought into the limelight under modern conditions.

虚拟语气

if引导的虚拟语气：

第二段需要三点原因进行论证，所以第一、二句写正面论证，第三句用反面论证。如果不……，就……

如果我们都不孝敬父母，

If parents failed be respected by their sons or daughters, they would be despised by their own children in the near future

如果大学生沉溺于上网，他们将不能顺利毕业。
If every university students were indulged in surfing the Internet, he or she would be hard for them to graduate smoothly

注意虚拟语气只有were,没有was

这里不能用they,要用he or she，上面是单数

一个万能句型：

……，they(he or she) will be confronted with a dim and gloomy future

……，他们将会面临着一个暗淡的未来

it seems imperative essential /urgent that+名字+ should+动词原形

本句型推荐写在作文的第三段的具体措施的时候使用

第一个措施：他人采取措施（不要写政府、媒体什么的）

it seems crucial that

parents/teachers in primary schools or universities/communities

should educate/ encourage

their kids/ undergraduates/residents

to do sth.或者not to do sth.（越准确越好）

第二个措施：

cannot have failed to do=must do sth.

we cannot have failed to do

(如果讲的是国产车，we就换成消费者；环保问题，we就写所有的人，公民；越准确越好)

修辞

比喻：

confidence is to A as water is to fish

几个补充：

as the foundation is to high skyscrapers ：就像地基对于高楼大厦一样
as the infinite blue sky is to little larks：就像无限的蓝天对于云雀
as sunshine in spring is to all creatures on the earth：就像春天的阳光对于地球上的生物

sth seems to人

as intensive pain is to the terminally ill patients：就像剧烈的疼痛对于晚期病人一样
as grave natural disasters are to powerless natives(就像自然灾害对于手无寸铁的本地人)

排比：

我们要迅速的采取措施

Measures should be taken quickly, toughly and effectively.

段落

大作文第二段论证：

定义和解释：

模板：

Sth1：is sth2 which means that……（三个主语一致的简单句）+when引导的时间状语从句

sth2.
a severe global issue 一个严重的全球问题

a chinese traditional virtue 一个中华传统美德

a social pervasive trend 一个流行的社会趋势

an active/ negative mentality 一个积极/消极的心态

a hot social subject 一个社会热门话题

什么是孝敬父母：

Respecting parents is a chinese traditional virtue Which means that we buy gifts for them, we wash clothes for them anlwe cook decilious for them when they are in need of us

举例型论证：

Although a sea of cases can clarify my perspective, the following one may be the most typical。

so the story vividly tells us a truth that……+（文章中心句）

注意举例的时候一般都用一般过去时，

引用名人名言：

Once,there seemed a writer who has gained great reputation in+ （国家）named +（）stating that：推荐句型（the more句型，as……as句型，so……that倒装句型，if虚拟语气,比喻）__

写原因分析的句型：

the more……the more……
not only……but also……
同位语从句
although引导的让步状语从句
if引导的虚拟语气

如果某个原因分析写出来比较短的话，就加定语或者状语把这句话拉长，如果加不了，就用which引导的非限制性定语从句或者是万能状语

首先：

most important of all
What appears as the first reason is that
The main element for the problem is that

其次：

additionally
what is more

最后：

as a consequence
last but not least

文章写法

第一段

第一段：描述图画+中心总结：（3-4句话）

第一、二句话：用主语从句引出描述图画：

What is obvious is that+描述图表（一会更改）:图表作文一定是一幅图，两个主题，两个动作，并且这两个主题是确定的

第一种类型主题：……的数量在增加/减少

第二种类型：……百分比的……做了什么事情

只有上面这两种情况

第三、四句话：引出文章中心的过渡语，不用什么高级。用（双重否定、强调句型或插入语对他进行修饰）

第一段的一个模板：

What looks beyond dispute is that

the quantity of urban citizens, from the year of 990 to 2010，rocketed by 370 million sharply.

图表作文不容易加插入语，所以把状语放在句子的主谓之间做插入语使用

On the contrary, the number of rural individuals,in the same period, shrank to 680 million dramatically.

图表作文不用加定语，但是一定要把时间状语放在中间做插入语，同时末尾来表明增加的速度

the meaning of the chart proves quite conspicuous：

it is an increasing number of farmers that tend to flood into big cities in recent 20 years.

tend to do sth.倾向于做某事

be likely to do sth.可能做某事

第二段

第二段：（四句话）

原因分析段：（完全同图画作文的第二段）

第一句话：引出原因分析的总述句：推荐句型：there be句型

也可以用P128第一句，自己选。要对这句话进行单词替换，再用插入语，双重否定对他做修饰

However recognizing a problem never fails to be the first step in finding a solution.

写原因，存在的问题，结果什么都行

二、三、四句话：具体的原因分析

首先……，其次……，最后……

第三段

总结段（四句话）：

总结句：

Therefore（简而言之）, it is high time that effective measures should be taken to solve the problem

后面写两局措施+一句喊口号

公务书信

称呼：

文中已给出：Dear+文中给出的内容
文中未给出：Dear Sir or Madam(注意大小写)

第一段：

自我介绍+写作目的（一句自我介绍，一句写作目的）

文中已经给出：I am +文中给出的内容
文中没有给出：I am a senior from the department of fine arts in a/the university.

如果是给报纸写信，对外的，就用a;对内给校长等写信就用the

I am writing the letter, to be honest（换掉）, in order to+（文中一定给出）

第二段：

文中一定已经给出了要求，按要求来写

第一个原因分析：

写成so……that句型：句末加个状语

The salary to begin with, keeps so low that i fail to support my familes/any more with prices generally rise.

第二个原因：

主从从句，如果太短，写个并列句

In addition, It has been widely accepted that

the company is too faraway from my apartment. therefore, it takes me a long time to go to work every day.

第三个原因：

at last, I am by no means interested in the job although I have tried my best to become involved in it

最后是一个状语从句，可以是because、although等引导的

第三段：两句话

第一种情况：文中已经做出要求：
- 第一句话：写文中要求的内容
- 第二句话：期待回信
第二种情况：没有给出要求
- 表示感谢+期待回信
- We would appreciate an early reply 如能早日回信，我们将十分感谢。

落款

私人书信

称呼：

文中一定已经给出要求，按要求来写

正文：

第一段：

问候语+写作目的：

Thank you for the expressions of joy at my recent promotion in office感谢你为我最近的晋升而高兴。

写作目的完全同公务书信

第二段：

完全同公务书信

第三段：

文中已经给出要求：
- 用一句话来写文中要求的内容，再写一句祝福语
文中没有给出要求：
- 祝福语+期待回信（完全同公务书信的期待回信）

落款

告示类文章

标题：Notice，写在正中央

**称呼：**不用写

正文：

第一段：

写作目的+具体论述

we are to+写作目的（一定会给出了）

具体论述：同公务书信的句型，写三点要求等

第二段：

欢迎加入+联系方式：

We are waiting for your coming. if you intended to join us, please email us at xxx@qq.cn

落款：右下角写上单位的名字